Coloured, amatshe ayigugu kanye zinhlobo ayoni kanye kwebalingisi yabo

Izinsimbi - iqembu elikhulu izakhi elula efana conductivity eliphezulu ezishisayo kukagesi, omuhle lokushisa Coefficient nomunye izici isici. Ukuze uhlukanise kahle futhi baqonde ukuthi yilokho, kudingeka uqonde wonke umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Masizame cabanga nawe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo eyinhloko izinsimbi ezifana ayoni, non-ayoni, esiyigugu futhi Alloys. Akuve olunzulu kanye kuncike eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa sizozama aphambane phansi.

Yini bonke abantu kufanele bazi?

Ngaphambi izinsimbi oluthathwa emaqenjini, kubalulekile ukubhekana izici eziyinhloko. Ukuze afeze eyinhloko negative ugesi conduction Coefficient. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nge nokuncipha lokushisa, ukwanda conductivity, futhi abanye babashayeli kukhona superconductors. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa kuholela ukulahlekelwa esinqunyiwe noma ephelele lomkhawulokudonsa. Izimfanelo yesibili kufanele lifake phakathi ayebuthaka metallic kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye compounds izinsimbi ifomu ukwenza njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni eyingozi redox. Phawula ukuthi cishe ziphinde zenzeke ngokwemvelo izinsimbi olungenakonakala, ukuze bayakhohlwa okuyigugu nsimbi futhi akudingeki.

izinsimbi Mayelana ayoni

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa yensimbi kanye Alloys yayo (yensimbi, ferroalloys). Eqinisweni, izinsimbi ayoni - i ingxubevange yensimbi ne-carbon, kodwa ngaphandle ukuthi ukwakheka Kukhona nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali, ezifana nesibabule, i-phosphorus, i-silicon, njll Uma kubalulekile ukunikeza ingxubevange sezindawo ethile edingekayo ngenhloso letsite, kunezelwa dopants e. njengoba iningi njalo izenzo ithusi, i-chromium noma ne-nickel. Faka esigabeni zonke izinhlobo izinsimbi ayoni kokuqukethwe carbon. Ngakho, kukhona Alloys ezilandelayo:

• Iron - lemali carbon amabanga kusuka 2 kuya 4.3%, kwezinye izimo esefike ezingeni esibucayi 5%. yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene zikuthinta ngokuqondile property umkhiqizo. Ngakho, i-sulphur ne phosphorus ukwandisa friability futhi chromium nensimbi nickel izithasiselo ukwenza ukushisa okwengeziwe ukumelana nemithi ukugqwala.
• Steel - carbon okuqukethwe 2%. Uhluka yensimbi plasticity okusezingeni eliphezulu nokucubungula okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusebenza (kulula inqubo).

Izakhiwo zensimbi steel ngokuningiliziwe

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningana izinhlobo cast iron, ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kanye umkhakha: ekubunjweni (grey) kanye ingulube (omhlophe). Lesi sakamuva sehlukile ngowokuqala uthayiphe ukuthi carbon okungukuthi lesibopho ngesimo usimende yokuqala icala - kule khulula isimo efomini graphite. Ukwehlisa amandla kwale nto kungenxa yokuthi graphite ipuleti eziphula isakhiwo sensimbi, kanjalo buthaka ke. Kukhona Ushintshe yensimbi inkatho. engavamile yayo wukuthi graphite ungaphakathi umumo eyindilinga, okuyinto ngcono izakhiwo mechanical umkhiqizo.

Cishe kakade uqaphele ukuthi babe ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto ngenxa hhayi carbon kakhulu kwengoma. Ngakho, lezinsimbi kwesakhiwo aqukethe 0.02 ukuze 0.85% carbon, futhi esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa. Ngokuyinhloko inzuzo okungukuthi ezinhle ductility. degree Eliphansi brittleness. Kukhona amathuluzi lapho okuqukethwe carbon ambalwa nokuningi - kusuka 0.65 kuya 1.4%, ngakho-ke, kuba ingxubevange okuhlala isikhathi eside, kodwa enhle. Isetshenziswa njengoba leli gama lisikisela, njengesibonisi ngoba ukudalwa amathuluzi (ukuzisika sawing imishini emizimbeni neyesifunda ukusebenza). Lapha sahlola izinhlobo izinsimbi ayoni, ngakho ake siqhubekele phambili.

izinsimbi eziyigugu

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa esitebeleni amakhemikhali, hhayi oxidize emoyeni namanzi Alloys. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isamba izinsimbi enjalo emhlabeni incane, futhi isizinda nokucutshungulwa i kunzima kakhulu futhi kukhathaza. Uma isintu wayazi kudala zonke amaqembu 7, namuhla kukhona eziningana. Ngakho, izinhlobo ezingu owaziwa of amatshe ayigugu. Igolide, isiliva, platinum, osmium, steel, palladium, Iridium, njll Bonke yendalo. Kukhona futhi okuthiwa isotopes. Lakhicitwe laboratories nge eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali ukusabela. I metal eqolo ezinjalo - californium-252 abiza dollar ayinkulungwane 500 igramu ngamunye. Ethandwa kakhulu uphinde ulandise osmium-187 ezikhiqizwa laboratories yesimanje.

Mayelana isiliva negolide

Selokhu abantu Stone Age bayawazi metal efana negolide. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi lena metal ezibaluleke kakhulu eziyigugu emhlabeni. Emvelweni, avame ke kwenzeka njengoba okuyigugu kokuncinyane amanyela noma ingxubevange ngesiliva. Izimfanelo eziyingqayizivele zale lo conductivity ezishisayo kuthiwa wenziwa, kanti ukumelana aphansi kakhulu. Yiqiniso, kufanele malleability zegolide kuqashelwe, yingakho kuba impahla ethandwa kakhulu ekwakhekeni ubucwebe. Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo: igolide amagugu ngobukhulu watholakala e-Australia. It enesisindo esingaba 90 amakhilogramu.

Uma sicabanga izinhlobo ezinkulu izinsimbi eziyigugu, ngeke ishiwo esiliva. Emvelweni, le nto itholakala ifomu bomdabu (esiliva ore). Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa main wenziwa kusukela imikhando awuxhaxha zesiliva obuncani, kodwa imali amaminerali ezinjalo zivamile ngaphezulu. Kuyinto soft kakhulu futhi ductile sensimbi, okuyinto ine omuhle kakhulu conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo.

Rhodium ne-platinum

Rhodium - metal ukuthi akanayo namaminerali ayo, ngakho-ke ingenye eqolo. Per igremu kuyodingeka bakhokhe ezingaphezu kuka-220 zama-dollar. Lokhu metal yizicukuthwane kunjengesiliva ezinemibala nge Tint bluish. It libhekene yayo ukumelana zamakhemikhali ezishisayo amathonya, kodwa okungukuthi kakhulu sengozini mechanical umonakalo ngenxa yayo fragility. Ngoba kuyinto ngempela eqolo, isetshenziswa kuphela lapho akunakwenzeka ukuba thatha analog.

Uma sicabangela lezi zinhlobo futhi izinhlobo izinsimbi, angeke sikhone kusho ngalokucondzile mayelana ne-platinum, ezatholakala ngo-1952 ngu wemithi Swedish. Lokhu kwaziswa kuyinto ngempela ezingavamile futhi kuphela kwenzeka endalweni lihambisana namanye Alloys metal. yokuyigqula kakhulu isikhathi esiningi futhi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu, kodwa kuhle ke, ngoba i-platinum engathathi isinyathelo iyiphi owayaziwa samanje acid. Lapho ukufuthelana, akashintshi umbala akusho oxidize.

Izinhlobo izinsimbi non-ayoni

Leli qembu ethandwa kakhulu, njengoba iningi okokusebenza impahla eluhlaza for zokukhiqiza metal. Uma sikhuluma kwenkululeko isicelo, kuba impela ebanzi, kuba: .. ubunjiniyela Mechanical, yokusansimbi, electronics, nobuchwepheshe eliphezulu, njll Ngokuya izakhiwo eziphathekayo lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinsimbi non-ayoni:

• esindayo (phambili, i-zinc, ithini nickel, njll);
• engasindi (aluminium, titanium, i-magnesium, njll).

Ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, kukhona ukukhanya izinsimbi kanye ezisindayo izinsimbi. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi zingenziwa ngokuphelele kwanoma yiphi impahla kuleli qembu. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi umbala ukufaka zonke izinhlobo metal Alloys, ngaphezu yensimbi. Futhi manje ake siqhubekele phambili.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu izinsimbi ezisindayo

Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-40 izincazelo leli qembu izinto. Phakathi izici ehlukile - umxhwele atomic weight, ngokuvamile ezingaphezu kuka 50. Kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi luhla kumele lufake phakathi konke kuza ngemva vanadium (kungakhathaliseki kwabantu). Kodwa uma sisebenzisa incazelo ehlukile, ipharamitha sokunquma kungaba kwabantu okufanele kunalaba yensimbi (8 g / cm ^3). Kulokhu, uhlu izobandakanya: phambili, mercury, ithusi, ithini, futhi lapha sizobasekela schedule. Namuhla inkinga acute kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yiqembu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinsimbi eziningi asetshenziswa umkhakha esindayo awele ulwandle kanye lamanzi anokugcola. Inkinga eyinhloko - lena ubuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu mercury, okuhola cadmium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo izinsimbi ezisindayo nesici buthelela eziphilayo. Ngakho, ngenxa mercury poisoning ngo-1977, kwakunabamemezeli abangaphezu kuka-2,300 abalimala.

Mercury, phambili ne-cadmium

Lokhu okungukuthi kakhulu yingozi non-ayoni izinsimbi, okuhlobene ezinzima. Ziyakwazi ezingcolisayo ezinkulu imvelo. Mercury - metal enobuthi kakhulu ukuba abantu, olwandle sidlula umkhathi ngamanzi angcolile. Lapho izitshalo amandla ashise amalahle, mercury compounds emkhathini, bese awela olwandle ifomu kwezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi angenasawoti kanye zasolwandle izilwane buthelela emizimbeni yabo esibalulekile mercury, okuyinto ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa kwaholela ubuthi womuntu, ngisho nokufa.

Cadmium - ehlakazekele into ezingavamile ewela olwandle kanye indle Metallurgical nezitshalo ore-ukugqoka. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi cadmium likhona emzimbeni womuntu, kodwa lincane kakhulu. Ngo ubuthi, waphula amathambo okungamahlalakhona, anaemia siqala. Ngokuqondene ukuhola, insimbi esimweni abahlakazekile kuyinto cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Lezi zinhlobo izinsimbi, izithombe zazo thina ocashunwe ngenhla, asuswe umzimba, kodwa kunalokho kancane, ngakho bathatha isamba ngokweqile kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo. Kanye uthuli yezwekazi olwandle kanye asemkhathini kwezulu ukuwa lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 25 amathani phambili.

inothi

Njengoba ubona, kukhona tinhlobo nezakhiwo izinsimbi. Kukhona into eyingozi, futhi nsuku zonke Siyakwembathani esiphambanweni isiliva indandatho yegolide esandleni sakhe. izinto Radioactive bangambulala umuntu, ngakho zemvelo emhlabeni wonke ozama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokwengxenye ukukhululwa kwe izinsimbi enobungozi olwandle kanye nomkhathi. Yiqiniso, kunzima kakhulu ukuba baxazulule izinkinga ezinjalo, ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi osomabhizinisi abaningi musa ukuya contact. Noma kunjalo, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ngaphandle babashayeli, okuyinto aqukethe kwensimbi esifanayo, azinakwenzeka wiring imidvwebo, futhi ngaphandle yensimbi ngeke izimoto nezinye izinto evamile kithi.

Sasingavunyelwe ehlaselwe iqembu okuthiwa izinsimbi enemisebe we ishadi lesikhathi. Lezi zihlanganisa technetium, polonium, inkinobho yegundane esebenza njalo, njll Inhloso esemqoka - ukusebenzisa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi kanye nezikhali, okubenza babe kuyingozi kakhulu ..

isiphetho

Kungenzeka uye waphawula ukuthi kukhona tinhlobo letehlukene izinsimbi. Ngokwemvelo, iningi labo likhona ngesimo imikhando futhi yakha sulfides ahlukahlukene, carbonates nezinye zamakhemikhali. Ukuze ukuthola izinsimbi okumsulwa futhi eminye ukusetshenziswa isicelo zanamuhla kwezobuchwepheshe ukwelashwa kanye umugqa concentrators yabo. ngokuqinisekile kube mnandi ukwazi ukuthi umzimba womuntu iqukethe esincane metal compounds - mayelana 3%. Ngakho, emathanjeni esinalo calcium, zensimbi egazini, imisipha njalo aqoqana magnesium, nethusi esibindini lapho.

Awu, lokho, isimiso, konke kungathiwani yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene metal Alloys. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ke okungukuthi impela eziyinkimbinkimbi sihloko, kungenzeka ezithakazelisayo kulabo ziyazithanda yokusansimbi.