Kudivayisi isitsha. ilungiselelo Jikelele imithambo futhi izakhi zabo eziyisisekelo

Ihamba idivayisi - kuba umsebenzi obalulekile ebheke izisebenzi Navy. Kufanele iqiniseke ukuthi ngokugcwele wezimpahla umgibeli notshwala. Zonke izinkinga kungenziwa ngempumelelo kubhekwane kuphela ngokuthuthukisa izinga yemikhumbi. Ungakwazi ukuthuthukisa imikhumbi emidala noma ukwakha imodeli yesimanje.

Yiziphi emikhunjini?

Namuhla presents ezihlukahlukene imikhumbi, okuyizinto ezahlukene. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi babeklanyelwe ngetinhloso letehlukene, kanye nemibandela ukuxhashazwa kwazo olunye. Yingakho izazi ibhekene imisebenzi efana umkhumbi design lunye, inhlangano ukwakhiwa kanye nokuvuselelwa kwazo, ukwethulwa amazinga amasha, uhlela elide ezokuthutha, kanye ukusebenza ukubala kwezomnotho yokuqhathanisa. Umkhumbi onobuhle kungenziwa oluthathwa by izici ezilandelayo:

• Ngu uhlobo izimoto kanye self ezinezinjini ukuma ugingqe.
• Indlela motion - izitsha ukuntanta emanzini esebenzisa i isiguqo emoyeni, kodwa futhi phezu kwamanzi. Kukhona amacebo ukuthi kalula ukuhambisa ngaphansi kwamanzi - lokhu ngwenya.
• umzimba State. Phakathi uhla omkhulu kuhlanganisa amamodeli zingumzimba eqinile nezimo futhi inflatable.
• Indaba eyinhloko emzimbeni. Phakathi womshini lingasetshenziswa steel, ukukhanya metal Alloys, ipulasitiki, ukhuni, izakhiwo zikakhonkolo, noma nezimo esiyinhlanganisela izinto.
• endaweni Navigation. Hlukanisa emkhatsini imikhumbi lokuzula ugu.
• Rhode ngamandla main. umkhumbi onobuhle zihlanganisa leli thuluzi ngoba kusiza alilethe ezinyakazayo. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa ngesitimu elinendawo piston noma isisi ukufakwa ophephela. Emikhunjini ukukhwezwa yangaphakathi omlilo engine.

inkantolo civil

Ihamba ukuthi kunenjongo civil, ethulwa ngesimo zokuthutha noma ukudoba izitsha. Zadalelwa ukukhulisa nokugcinwa ubuhlobo obunokuthula phakathi kwezizwe. Lezi zitsha ulwandle ukunikeza namanye amazwe, ibhizinisi kanye nobudlelwane kwamasiko, zisiza ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo kolwandle, kanye kabusha ke. Basuke ifakwe imishini esikhethekile ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ekhiqizwa noma ukudla. imikhumbi Yomphakathi anemisila amadivaysi ahlukahlukene ezengeziwe encike izindawo zabo okwengeziwe:

1. Ezokuthutha noma umkhumbi wabahwebi owawufike. Abakwazi bebanga abagibeli noma esincane izinto zosizo oluphuthumayo - le imeyili, amaphasela, umthwalo nokuningi. Ezokuthutha izitsha navigation komugqa angafeza izindiza njalo phakathi emachwebeni amaningana. Babuye ngokuthi liner. ngomkhumbi wezimpahla ithwala wezimpahla kolayini engaqinisekile bungaphela ukuntanta ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi.
2. Ukudoba isitsha. Esebenzisa ilungiselelo elinjalo angakhiqiza imikhiqizo kolwandle, okungukuthi ukubamba izinhlanzi, izilwane zasolwandle, ulwelwe. Ukudoba isitsha ivumela abantu ukuthi kusukela ukudla olwandle imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile noma eminye imikhiqizo siphelile. Iphinde uyisa yona base elintantayo noma ogwini.
3. izitsha Ucwaningo. Ziklanyelwe umsebenzi zesayensi kanye nocwaningo phakathi olwandle noma olwandle. Lezi zihlanganisa ngwenya wahlomisa ngokukhethekile futhi kwaguqulwa noma imikhumbi ebusweni.
4. umkhumbi Training. Kungenxa iinsebenzi ukuqeqeshwa shipboard. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa abantu ababhalise ezikoleni ezikhethekile. Lezi zitsha ulwandle ngempela ifakwe laboratories, emakilasini, namakilasi, lapho ungakwazi ukwenza izindaba zokuthuthukisa esisebenzayo.

Yini ifomu kufanele ibe enkantolo

Uhlobo ngalunye isitsha has simise okuhambisanayo izindlu, okuyinto kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Lezi zihlanganisa injongo eyinhloko umkhumbi, nemibandela yayo ukusetshenziswa ehlosiwe, isivinini, izinga, kanye neminye imingcele eminingi. sikebhe Umkhumbi siyisibonelo umzimba side, okuyinto has evele lwalugobile. Asiza ukwakha ovikelekile, okuyinto kuzonciphisa ukumelana amanzi emoyeni ukunyakaza ngesikhathi kwakhiwa.

Ngaphambili ingxenye umkhumbi libizwa umnsalo nalolwakheke ikhumbula imithetho emisiwe ukwakhiwa womkhumbi umdvwebo. Ukuze umkhumbi ukuthi zintanta kobuso amanzi agubhayo, ungahambi emagagasini zonke umzimba izinhlangothi kufanele kancane wawanda ukuphakama. Ochwepheshe ukunaka ngokukhethekile ngezikulufo yokubeka futhi amasondo ayo, okumele anikeze best izimo zokusebenza kungenzeka.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo yokudala umdwebo theory

Ngaphambi kokuqala sokwakha theory umdwebo umklami kumelwe sicabange empambana emigqeni umzimba. Udinga ukusebenzisa elisizayo, okufanayo, diametrical kanye indiza enkulu. kwesigaba mugqa akufanele akha umzimba Uhlaka, okuzokwenza ukunikeza umqondo ocacile esiphezulu futhi ukuma isakhiwo. Okuholela umphumela wokugcina we kwelivi kufaka uhlangothi, nobubanzi umzimba omkhulu.

Projection esigabeni izindlu ine uhlobo imigca lecondzile, okuzokwenza akha Igridi umdwebo theory. Lapho umuntu yakha Kulegridi, le waterline design kumele ihlukaniswe izingxenye amabili alinganayo. Zisho i isikhala em, futhi ngosizo besigaba engenziwa ozimele theory. Lo mkhumbi kudivayisi kunalokho xaka, nokunye umklamo kufanele asebenze kuphela izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe.

Sezinombolo wenziwa ezihambayo olayini ekhaleni ukuze emkhunjini. Lapho-ke iskripthi ngomumo umdwebo theory, udinga ukususa zonke izixhumanisi umphumela amaphuzu empambana Curves kanye grid. Ayasiza ekuhumusheni yemakhono umdwebo e Ubukhulu bangempela. Yonke idatha kumele abhalwe umagazini ozinikele ukuthi uhlanganisa lofting ithebula ahlelembise. Esikhathini esizayo, zisetshenziswe shipyards, kanye workshop ekhethekile. Lapha Ochwepheshe ocansini ngendlela ibhodi umdvwebo, ngokuthi Plaza. Umelelwa ngosayizi ophelele futhi ehlukaniswa umdwebo theory. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa emkhunjini kanye plaza ususe wonke amaphethini nosayizi ukwenza imininingwane sikebhe.

Yimaphi amadivaysi ezengeziwe ifakwe emikhunjini yokudoba?

Inkantolo nokuba angasetshenziswa ezimbonini asetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlanzi, izimvu zamanzi, imikhomo, walruses futhi eziningi nezinye izinto eziphilayo olwandle. Ukudoba isitsha kuthatha yesithathu yemikhumbi emhlabeni yomthengisi. Ungakhetha lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo emikhunjini yokudoba anemisila amadivaysi ekhethekile:

• Seiner - umklamo ngawo angafeza ekudobeni amanetha. Izinhlanzi ezenziwe ngesifundo umcibisholo wezimpahla.
• Esikebheni. Kuyinto esibuthakathaka eyingqayizivele nomklamo walo, esiza ukuba afeze ukudoba ne yokudoba - inethiwekhi enikeziwe ngesimo esikhwameni esikhulu.
• Drifter. Namuhla, lo mkhumbi uyawuthanda sisikhulu, ngoba ikuvumela sithiye ukuqonda, bayasithola. Ifakwe net flat.
• Floating izinhlanzi yokugcina ukudla emathinini futhi base. imiklamo Kuthunyelwe siphumele yolwandle oluvulekile futhi ngqo wahlanganyela izinhlanzi ukucutshungulwa zibe ukudla okusemathinini. Kukhona anezikhala trawls, ukucubungula ifriji imishini.
• Whalers. Sikusebenzisa esiphezulu ukusebenza kahle Whaling. Ezimweni eziningi, bayaphuma baya olwandle emihlambini kanye mabutho. Le mikhumbi kukhona Imishini, amanethiwekhi ezinkulu nokunokwethenjelwa ezingamelana nezinselele eziningi isisindo.
• Scow. imiklamo Kwethulwa kuthiwa ukudoba kusetshenziswa amanethi. Bona phumelani Black futhi yoLwandle iCaspian kanye umsebenzi udizili.

Izici wempi

Namuhla ungathola imikhumbi ahlukahlukene nempahla. Kodwa phakathi ezifana ezihlukahlukene imiklamo wayemelele abetshalwe, okungokwendlela Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Bona ngempela badonswe kwangaphandle zezimpawu ezikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa lezi kusukela kwenkantolo yamalungelo abantu. kumelwe ibe phakathi kwezokuqala ukuba umyalo abasebenzi isikhulu, ngubani enkonzweni uhulumeni waseRussia. Isibongo negama isikhulu okufanele khona uhlu lempi.

isitsha Military kuhlanganisa Army imishini kanye ngubo. Imikhumbi-apharathasi ethulwa libhekene khona nezempi. Luzosetshenziselwa uma kuhlaselwa abantu endaweni evikelwe.

Imikhumbi kudivayisi ezokuthutha

Sea ezokuthutha ubhekwa inzuzo kakhulu futhi ethandwa. Kuyokusiza ukuba uthumele imithwalo ukuxhumana InterContinental. umkhumbi Ezokuthutha has a lunye main - ke kuthumela inqwaba izimpahla. Lezi zihlanganisa ezinkulu, ngobuningi futhi yomile ngobuningi wezimpahla. Uma kuziwa imikhiqizo ukudla, ngesikhathi ezokuthutha kufanele kube izinga lokushisa ethile futhi vibration lingekho.

Ungakhetha izitsha ezivamile okuyinto zinama namadivayisi ezengeziwe:

• abathwali Bulk ingakwazi ukuthwala uhla ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze enze ukuthuthwa inyama kanye nenhlanzi imikhiqizo, izithelo nemifino, lezi imikhumbi ngaphezu kwalokho ifakwe iyunithi ifriji.
• Emathangini avuzayo yakhelwe ukuba uthwale wezimpahla has a isimo liquid noma gaseous. Amabhizinisi kanye nezimboni bekwi zokuthutha kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, imikhiqizo zamakhemikhali, umquba, kanye uketshezi igesi yemvelo. Kukhona gumbi kokuthutha izimpahla eyingozi kakhulu.
• Containerships. Abangase bakwazi ukukuthwala esitsheni njengoba iziqukathi. Lezi zitsha anemisila ezidingekayo imishini navigation. Kuyokusiza ukuba indawo, futhi unamathisele wezimpahla obandayo qapha ngesikhathi zokuthutha yayo. ngomkhumbi idivayisi has adingekayo imishayo eyengeziwe kanye phansi ngoba nokwethenjelwa.
• Bulkers ukusiza baphathe wezimpahla ngobuningi ezifana okusanhlamvu, itshe-nsimbi, namalahle.
• Ro-ro kuyinto izitsha ekhethekile-njongo. Basuke kabanzi ovundlile noma okuxubile-mode ukulayisha izimpahla.
• Izikebhe baphathe ezokuthutha ukugudla imiklamo. Umehluko omkhulu - zokuhamba abagibeli, izimoto futhi izinqola ngokuba nojantshi.

izikebhe ezincane: idivayisi

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa imikhumbi imiklamo ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ezezindlu - kuyingxenye ebalulekile nganoma yimuphi umkhumbi, yesimanje, sifaka Ukunquma futhi planking. Kuyinto lezi zingxenye bayakwazi ukunikeza umkhumbi ifomu ezidingekayo futhi namanje ukunikeza izinkomba ezifana amandla, ukumelana namanzi nokuqina bomkhumbi. Kuyinto misebenzi ichaze idivayisi ngesikebhe esincane.

Isethi kuyinto kuchazwe umthwalo esindayo isakhiwo, esakhiwa zezakhi of imishayo longitudinal futhi transverse noma izibopho. Uma they axhumene, kuvela uzimele esiphelele. It ukhonza njengelungu wesifunda inkomba ukuthi senzelwe amashidi ebheke phambili, onezitezi. Uhlaka ichaza ukuzinza okwengeziwe futhi rigidity bomkhumbi.

Kukhona izinhlelo eziningana ukuze umzimba isethi. ngezigaba zabo incike isiqondiso ugongolo eyinhloko:

• Cross.
• Longitudinal.
• cross longitudinal.

Yini eyenza uhlelo esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa ngesikebhe esincane?

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa esibuthakathaka encane ayesebenzisa izibani ezinamandla kuphela transverse setha uhlelo. Ochwepheshe ozimele, izitshalo ngezansi, kanye imishayo ngaphansi emphemeni. Inani lisetjenziselwa imishayo longitudinal ngesikhathi iqoqo uhlelo transverse incane. Zisetshenziswa ukuze cross-link. Inani lwemishayo ingeqi izingcezu ezinhlanu, futhi lokhu ngokusobala kuhlanganisa keels mpo futhi Stringer.

Setha phansi umkhumbi kuhlanganisa intersecting izixhumanisi longitudinal futhi transverse. Enisemikhawulweni umkhumbi kufanele kube keel, okuyinto uxhumekile shtevnyami. Ukuze izikhathi eziningana ukunciphisa izinga umkhumbi ngesikhathi kweqa, kubalulekile ukuba uxhume keel ohlangothini. Kungaba ezihlukahlukene design futhi sikhonze njengoFakazi uxhumano longitudinal. Ezimweni eziningi, lokho akusho ngiwele ububanzi Ubukhulu kwezindlu ezivamile.

eziqondisa igiya

Ngaphandle kokulawula ngeke kube khona noma yimuphi ezokuthutha zasolwandle. imikhumbi kumphambukisa kudivayisi iqoqo izindlela ezibalulekile futhi amadivayisi ukuqinisekisa nokugcinwa we umkhumbi untanta. waphansi okunjalo kufaka eliphethe umshini wemboni, isikulufa noma actuators wokubacindezela. Namuhla, kunamabandla imiklamo ukuthi kukhona drive main kanye eziqondisa mathupha.

Idivayisi elingaphansi emkhunjini eziqondisa ngokukhethekile, kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:

• Umkhawulo engela kuvumelekile iphini - bengekho ngaphezu kwama-35 degrees. Mayelana nezimoto emfuleni imikhumbi ukubaluleka ingaba 45 degrees.
• umkhumbi isigwedlo besikhatsi akukwazi ngemizuzwana engaphezu kwengu-28.
• Tie emshinini ngamunye kumelwe ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele ukusebenza ephephile futhi efanele iyunithi ayo ngesikhathi ewa lomkhumbi.