Aircraft yenethiwekhi "Midway": izici eziyinhloko, izikhali. US zenethiwekhi

Aircraft abathwali - imikhumbi ngokubabazekayo ukuthi bamele amabutho isimo. Midway - esiphathiswa izindiza, okwakukhona phakathi kwababusi ezempi US Navy iminyaka engu-47. Lo mkhumbi wakhonza lemukelekako futhi Melika iqhaza kulokhu kubulalana Vietnam. Ngo-1992, washiya US Navy yenethiwekhi imikhumbi, futhi sashintshwa umkhumbi Museum eminyakeni emihlanu. Namuhla esinakho sihlolisise kulomkhumbi omangalisayo, umlando walo, idivayisi, izikhali kanye nezinye amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo.

Umlando sokudalwa

On ukwakhiwa isigaba esisha imikhumbi US Navy yenethiwekhi imikhumbi kubonakala e Ekupheleni kuka-1941, ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo Japanese ku Pearl Harbor. Okwesikhathi esithile, uhulumeni wase-US kanye imikhumbi ukuphathwa ayikwazanga kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni ku uhlobo olusha lwemikhumbi. Franklin Roosevelt nge Admiral Ernest King babekholelwa ukuthi sikhulu isidingo sokuthi kwakhiwe abathwali encane izindiza. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Admiral Chester Nimitz waphikelela ngokuthi ukwakhiwa abathwali izindiza nge ukuhamba okungenani 45 000 wamathani. Ekugcineni, Nimitz wakwazi ukukholisa ukuphathwa, futhi ngo-December 1942, Roosevelt evunyiwe project ukwakha abathwali ezimbili izindiza nge ukuhamba nje kuka-40 000 wamathani.

Ngo-October 1943, eduze eVirginia sabekwa izindiza yenethiwekhi CV-41. ukwakhiwa kwalo lwathatha izinyanga 17. Ngo-March 1945, kwasungulwa emisiwe entsha izindiza yenethiwekhi, ukusuthisa amathemba US Naval imikhumbi.

ababengaphambi

Ngaphambi kwakukhona umkhumbi othwala izindiza "Midway", abathwali izindiza American eziningi kakhulu futhi onamandla ebengase ikilasi "Essex" ihamba. "Midway" ayeyithole kubo ezinye izici: isikimu ukubhuka, kanye nezinqolobane zommbila indiza isendlalelo "iziqhingi". Ngokuphathelene umehluko zangaphandle, abaluleke kakhulu kuwo waba kushimula omkhulu futhi ukuzisika, nokungelona "abafowethu enkulu".

design

I imidwebo wokuqala esindayo izindiza yenethiwekhi, okuyinto yake kufanele ukuba esikhundleni "Essex", ezakhiwa ngawo-1940. Ukuthuthukiswa kwaba ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuze 1942 amathemba ekwakheni umkhumbi giant babe kunalokho ezingacacile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale phrojekthi kakhulu ukuthonywa izenzakalo kweMpi Yezwe II. I-agumenti esiqine esivuna okwandisa umkhumbi ukubhuka kwaba umkhumbi ukufa "ubukhazikhazi" nempi ye Midway (kungakho igama yenethiwekhi).

Njengoba amandla umkhumbi entsha ababengaphambi okuningi aphakeme, necebo ngezigaba esikhethekile kukho. Aircraft yenethiwekhi ekilasini babelwe CV-B, eyathatha kuze 1952, ongakabi uvele abathwali ngaphezulu yesimanje izindiza-United States, okwaholela isidingo esigabeni esisha.

ukwakhiwa

Yakha umkhumbi othwala izindiza "Midway", ogama Ubukhulu zingaphezu okuqinile, ngalezo zinsuku kwakungelula ngisho isizwe athuthukile like Melika. It is kangcono ukwakhiwa echwebeni ezomile, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi kancane kakhulu. Kodwa ngenhlanhla, ngesikhathi ukusayinwa imidwebo for the project ezisindayo izindiza yenethiwekhi baphume emagcekeni, elingazange ukuthatha ukubeka ukwakhiwa yempi "Montana."

Aircraft yenethiwekhi onenkomba CVB-41 ayethunywe inkampani enkulu shipbuilding Newport News shipbuilding. Phela, igama elithi "Midway," umkhumbi wanikezwa kuphela ekwindla ka-1944. Naye kwakukhona isigaba of the gama elifanayo imikhumbi emibili ngaphezulu, "Franklin D. Roosevelt" izindiza yenethiwekhi "Koral Si". I hero ingxoxo yethu wayekulungele ngezinyanga ezingu 23 emva ibhukumaka. Aircraft yenethiwekhi "Midway", ubude okuyinto kakhulu ngendlela 295 metres, waba impumelelo American. Ngaleso sikhathi sasibhekwa hhayi kuphela enamandla kakhulu ukulwa iyunithi, ukulungele ukusebenza kunoma yimiphi imibandela, futhi omuhle wobuciko kweqiniso. Sekuyisikhathi bafunde, ukuze othwala izindiza "Midway" uye bamhlonipha kakhulu.

Ukuvikelwa

Ukubhukha yenethiwekhi kuhlanganisiwe zempi ibhande onezitezi ezintathu zempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba ukubhuka kwezinye izindawo zendawo. Flight emphemeni wawuvikelwa 87-mm zempi ungqimba. Ngaphezu ovundlile, umkhumbi wayephethe eyisidlakela Ukuvikelwa mpo. I othwala izindiza kwaba ifakwe i ibhande armored of 193 mm, ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke futhi ngemikhumbi alesi sigaba. Kodwa lapha kukhona ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa le preponderance umxhwele bomkhumbi ohlangothini lwesokudla kwatholakala, ngakho zempi 193-mm walondoloza kuphela ohlangothini lwesokudla. Ohlangothini lwesobunxele ke lancipha 178 mm ngokushelela usike phansi kuze kube 76 mm.

Ngokuphathelene ngaphezu main zempi ibhande, akukho idatha okuthembekile. Kokunye inguqulo, ukushuba nasezembathweni 50 mm, futhi ngakolunye - kuphela 30-ganda sheathing. Ibhande ivaliwe ku traverznyh lenqaba ngokusebenzisa 160-mm bulkheads. Steering igiya ibhokisi wawuvikelwa zempi: ezinhlangothini - 193 mm; front futhi bakhulise - 160mm, phezulu - 127 mm, futhi phansi - 63 mm. Umbhoshongo conning laligcwele 165-mm zempi ezinhlangothini futhi 87 mm - phezulu. Izintambo main zokulawula ziye ebiyelwe ipayipi 102 mm ukujiya.

ukusebenza ukushayela

Uhlelo ngamandla umkhumbi lalinabashumayeli izinjini ezine turbozubchatyh "Westinghouse", okuyinto kwakuhlobene nenkolelo-a coppers kweshumi nambili "Babcock Wilcox Sokuphela." Motors actuated ezine imitha-5.5 fungal isikulufa ngesivinini ukujikeleza 200 ngomzuzu. ayizinkulungwane 10 amathani fuel umkhumbi ulahlekile ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane angu-15. Uma kuhlelelwa kuhlelwe ukuze uthole aphansi petrol, kodwa sindisa zempi kwabangela izinguquko. I boilers babekhona ziza kuqala nokuhlala aft izingxenye yenethiwekhi, e linezingxenye amanzi angangeni. Amandla isitshalo matasa abangu-26 linezingxenye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, it kwandisa ubungqabavu yayo, futhi ngakolunye - isevisi inkimbinkimbi. Ngemuva kwalokhu isikimu enjalo engakaze Ngenxa nokugcinwa nzima isicelo.

isivinini yenethiwekhi kwaba 33 ifindo, ngaleso sikhathi nje kwaba inkomba enhle kakhulu ngisho uma ziqhathaniswa kancane umkhumbi jikelele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lo mkhumbi, kanye nabamele "Essex" ikilasi kahle igcinwe umfutho. Ubufakazi lokhu uhambo 4452 olungamakhilomitha asenzayo zihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ka 32,5 ifindo.

imishini elisizayo

The main zezindiza imishini yezobuchwepheshe ezimbili izihlilingi steel isitsha, ngamakheshi amathathu finishers ambalwa. Ngokufanayo ahlome yakamuva (ngesikhathi, vele) inguqulo ye "Essex". Ngaphezu kwalokho, othwala izindiza "Midway" ifakwe uhlelo for refueling futhi esiza izikhali izindiza. Catapult H-Mk-IV-1 ngokusebenzisa side ithrekhi enamathiselwe fighter ijubane 145 km / h. Ukuze ulayishe catapult uchitha amasekhondi angu-60 kuphela. Kepha aviafinisherov bayeka 13.5 ton izindiza flying ngesivinini 90 amamayela / ihora. Amabili indiza zommbila izilinganiso 16.5 / 14 m kanye umthamo ethwele amathani angu-12 ibekwe emphemeni. Ugibelile phakamisa kwaba amamitha amane kakade wafaka izimpahla ezingamathani angu-8.

Imoto Amandla kuhlanganisiwe 8 turbogenerators AC 1250 kW ngamunye. voltage amapayipi kuyinto 440 V ugesi ukufakwa linezingxenye amanzi angangeni eseduze ezingemuva gumbi kubhayela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pair of linezingxenye angawodwa isebangeni eziphuthumayo udizili ugesi nge umthamo isamba 2850 kW. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla isamba othwala izindiza ifinyelele irekhodi okusezingeni eliphezulu - 12 850 kW. Ipheya izitshalo kungeyona ukunikeza ngokugcwele umkhumbi ngamanzi ngoba kubhayela nezidingo zasekhaya.

habitability

izindiza yenethiwekhi nezisebenzi nje kuphela umkhumbi, kodwa futhi abasebenzi zezindiza. Ngokwe izinhlelo ngo-1943, inani crew kwadingeka benze 3443 umuntu. Kulawa, 2112 (2006 amatilosi 106 izikhulu) ingeyamakhosi umkhumbi, futhi abantu 1331 - ukuze abasebenzi zezindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangwa izindawo 140 isipele, uma isitsha iyoba Flagship. Ngokusho iphrojekthi umkhumbi lwenzelwe ezindaweni nakakhulu ukugwema yokugcwala. Nokho, ngo-1947 leli qembu kakade abantu 4100, ogama okunomsoco nezimo zokuphila kwesokunxele okuningi okufanele oyifunayo. Nokho, Ukuminyana ngesikhathi wahlupheka zonke iziphathi-US.

izikhali

Umkhumbi ifakwe izibhamu ezinamandla kakhulu wake wasebenzisa on shumbi izindiza aphethe umqondo. Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-18 izibhamu 127 osezingeni, 21 - 40 28 - 20. Abathwali ezifana "Midway" ngokuphongoza eyandulela ngokuya zenith izingalo. Esikhundleni 127-milimitha izibhamu nge obuphelele esekhonjwe 38 calibres, isitsha esisha wathola inganono 127-mm MK-16. Bakhandwa zenzelwe yempi "Montana", ogama ukwakhiwa akazange athathe indawo. I isibhamu isethwe kwelinye ukufakwa olulodwa umbhoshongo futhi kwadingeka ukusebenza umxhwele. Aircraft yenethiwekhi "Midway" kwaba umkhumbi kuphela ethole MK-16 isibhamu. Kamuva efakwe kubabulali Japanese "Murasame", kodwa kwaba izibhamu ethathwe "Midway" ngokuhamba sesimanje in the 50s.

Ukuze eduze umkhumbi wokuvikela ifakwe chetyrehstvolnymi "Bofors" 40 nasezakhini emgqonyeni "Oerlikon" 20-osezingeni. Ngesikhathi engena gunnery asolwandle Wezempi bamukela owodwa yenethiwekhi engu-18 no-21 ukufakwa chetyrehstvolnuyu.

iqembu emoyeni

Kusukela ngo-1945, i-othwala izindiza wazala fighters Amathuba Vought F4U corsair. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva ebhodini ithole fighters Grumman F8F Bearcat kanye Grumman F8F Bearcat. Ekuqaleni kwawo-60 ngomkhumbi uvele Jets Grumman F9F Panther. Ngo-1956 inkonzo yayo Egibela enjalo izindiza yenethiwekhi uqalise: F3H Demon, Vought F-8 eziMpini Zenkolo, Douglas A-3 no-4 Douglas A-Skyhawk. I wokugcina 1970, salandelwa phezu A-7 corsair II.

Ngo-1965, zonke sithathelwe indawo fighters entsha - Mcdonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. Ngo-1986, kwathathelwa indawo izindiza F / A-18 Hornet. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-70 ugibelile refueling emathangini avuzayo kanye webhomu langena Grumman A-6 Umhlaseli. Ababegibele othwala izindiza ngakhonza nanjengombonisi indiza SH-2 Seasprite, okuyinto yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe lowo mkhumbi kanye wezimpahla ukulethwa. Uye wasebenza ezindaweni lapho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba wenze i-dock ukuze pier. Kusukela namuhla, zonke Air Group ingxenye ukuchayeka indiza.

radars

Midway izindiza yenethiwekhi imishini radar akazange zehluke "Essex" imishini. Lalihlanganisa iziteshi ezimbili radar ukuthola umoya amatshe, radars amabili ukuthola ubuso amatshe, a altimeter radar kanye inqwaba iziteshi ukuthi ukulawula umlilo.

sesimanje

Lo mkhumbi ngokuphindaphindiwe acwengekile. I sesimanje sokuqala senzeka ngo-1955. Yasungulelwa ukwandisa kwempilo yenethiwekhi kanye ukunwetshwa amakhono ayo. Umklamo we umkhumbi lithole izinguquko eziningi. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko:

1. Runway atshalwe 8 degrees isihlobo ukuba eksisi longitudinal esiphathiswa. Ngenxa yalesi intuthuko kancane nethuba ukwenza kokwehla kanyekanye futhi kokuthatha off emkhunjini.
2. umusi Esikhundleni ezimbili amadala izihlilingi isitsha ifakwe ezintathu namandla kakhulu.
3. nokuqinisa uhlelo unyathela amabhuleki zavezwa. Isibalo ukubopha izintambo encishisiwe.
4. emphemeni zommbila wathutha, okwandisa umthamo wabo.
5. "Isiqhingi" is kakhulu ngcono futhi ifakwe eziningi imishini emisha.
6. Lo mkhumbi wathola "zihlasele ekhaleni." Entsha
7. Inombolo wezikhali sehliselwe 8.
8. Air umphini indawo entsha - namandla kakhulu.
9. Umthamo izindiza fuel amathangi Kwandiswa.
10. Ibhande waterline zempi adiliza.

Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba iqiniso lokuthi lo mkhumbi yayanda emathanini ayizinkulungwane 62.

Ekupheleni kuka-1966, ukubukeza inguqulo othwala izindiza "Midway", okuyinto eyaba kunazo zonke emlandweni we sesimanje olunzulu umkhumbi okwesibili. Imiphumela buyekeza yilezi:

1. ngamakheshi kudluliselwe nge high esithwele umthamo.
2. Inombolo ukuncipha catapult abhanqiwe - amabili.
3. Enhanced unyathela amabhuleki uhlelo.
4. Doubling endaweni emphemeni indiza.
5. Yesimanje "isiqhingi."

Ngalezi ukuhluzwa umkhumbi elaliqhubeka kuze 90s. Yesimanje isabelomali kwaba ezingu-202 zamaRandi.

ihhovisi

Ngo-February 1946, umkhumbi wawusengozini Flagship ngowokuqala izindiza yenethiwekhi division. Ku-March walo nyaka, othwala izindiza lwavivinywa amasu kanye nemishini eyenzelwe kubanda nokhahlo. Ngo kwentwasahlobo, lo mkhumbi wahamba waze kwethulwa "V-2" imicibisholo.

Lolo vivinyo lube nzima kakhulu "Midway" izindiza yenethiwekhi kwaba ukuthengiselana Frostbite ezihilela amasu ukuqeqeshwa kusevisi eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada.

Ehlobo lika-1951, umkhumbi ababebakhonza ukuhlolwa ukudluliswa izindiza F9F-5 e-Atlantic Ocean. Ngonyaka olandelayo, "Midway" waba nengxenye aqondisa nge NATO amabutho. Ngo-1954, umkhumbi enzile cishe circumnavigation, iphuzu ekupheleni owawungumnyaka esiqhingini Taiwan. Lapha kuba, njengengxenye US Seventh Fleet, kwaba isisekelo indiza, esehlanganise kuhlengwe esiqhingini ngesikhathi kunezinkinga wokuqala Taiwan.

Ngo-March 1965, indiza izindiza yenethiwekhi ehlaselwa Okuqondiwe lamasosha eNyakatho naseNingizimu-Vietnam. Sekukonke, ngesikhathi Vietnam War aviators "Midway" shot down izindiza eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngo-1971, emva izinga, umkhumbi babuyela Vietnam, lapho misela indiza Tindlelanchubo nezimbobo wendawo. Ekugcineni, uquketheni lowo yenethiwekhi Vietnamese wathola umklomelo kusukela umongameli we Melika.

Ngo-1975, umkhumbi waba nengxenye ukusebenza "umoya Kweseva." April 29, Byong-Ly - Air Force Major South Vietnam - bashiye umndeni indiza Cessna O-1. Uphokophele ekufezeni kolwandle, indiza sihlangabezane othwala izindiza "Midway". Ngemva kwemizamo eminingana, umkhumbi isungule ukuxhumana indiza. Kugcine Ngambuza ngesibonakaliso kokwehla. Ngakho ukuthi kungathatha indawo, amatilosi kwadingeka ukukhulula emphemeni indiza indiza. Nye of them fana lehla emanzini. Le ndiza ifike ngokuphepha kwi emphemeni, nenduna mathupha adunyiswe abashayeli efaneleyo nesibindi sabo. Elibekiwe ku imishini amanzi yokumlandela US Navy ka $ 10 million. Amatilosi we othwala izindiza wesikhwama wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ne-Vietnamese isenzo ezinkulu ngisho wamsiza ukuthola umsebenzi phezu ezivulekile of America.

Ngo-80 "Midway" neqembu nezinye izinkantolo sekukaningi alethwe ukuboniswa US ezempi maqondana ukukhathazeka North Korea. Ngo-March 1981 izindiza ezimbili okuqondene indiza weqembu izindiza yenethiwekhi, wakhulula nebantfu 17 abaye bahlupheka ngenxa falling indiza aye empini. Sam indiza enophephela emhlane wabuye waphakamisa kwi emphemeni.

Ngo-June 1990, i-yesehlakalo esibuhlungu iphutha abagibele othwala izindiza. Lo mkhumbi wayekade ukuqhuma ezimbili, okwaphumela umlilo esasivunguza amahora angu-10. Ngenxa yalokho, wabulala amalungu amabili nezisebenzi, futhi eminye 9 balimala. Lesi senzakalo samenyezelwa kuyo imbozwe izintatheli zamazwe ngamazwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Abezindaba wenza sigameko inkinga enkulu, kukholakala ukuthi umkhumbi wabe iphumula.

Ngo 1989-1991. umkhumbi uye wahileleka empini emelene Iraq, ikakhulu ukusebenza "Ugwadule Storm". Ngo-June 1991, iye yasiza abantu ePhilippines ehlaselwe kweMount Pinatubo.

Ukuguqula ibe Museum

Ngo-1992, umkhumbi waze wafaka Reserve. Kuze 1998, kwaba isimo walowo e Bremerton Washington. Ngo-September 2003, lo othwala izindiza waqhamuka ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina. Iphuzu sekupheleni umzila kwaba Broadway Pier yedolobha San Diego, lapho umkhumbi yaphenduka Museum. Ukuvulwa senzeka Juni 7, 2004. Phakathi nonyaka wawo wokuqala wokusebenza Museum wavakashelwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-870 eziyinkulungwane, okuyinto kabili ephakeme kunaleyo okulindelwe abaholi phrojekthi.

Isikhathi eside kangaka inkonzo umkhumbi lithole imiklomelo eminingi. Chief phakathi kwawo kwakukhona umongameli we block yokubonga. Kwakukhona imiklomelo ngoba indlela labahlanganyela ngayo Vietnamese ezempi ukuze akhulule Kuwait, kanye nezinye imisebenzi. Ezinye imiklomelo ngeke zabelwe ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa.

isiphetho

Aircraft yenethiwekhi "Midway", izimfanelo okuyinto sibuyekeze namuhla, isibe omunye imikhumbi edume kakhulu US Navy. Yena, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Kugcizelela ne ngobukhulu bawo futhi lifanekisela amandla nobuchwepheshe besimanje wezempi, futhi ngakolunye - usikhumbuza mayelana engenangqondo empi. War - ihlazo sonke isintu. Futhi kungaba ngcono kakhulu uma zezigidi zamaRandi etshaliwe hhayi ezindabeni zezempi, futhi ku-izinto eziwusizo.