Biography nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa Fernand Braudel

Imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi Fernand Braudel kuchazwe ukuthuthukiswa hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi emhlabeni French yesayensi zomlando ekhulwini lama-20. Lokhu usosayensi ukwenze kwaba nombhikisho langempela historiography futhi umthombo, ne Ukugcizelelwa yokufunda akuyona izenzakalo, njengoba kwenza abangaphambi kwakhe futhi kwabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa komlando iyonke, ijubane kanye namandla okubakhona ukuguqulwa izimpokophelo senhlalo nesomnotho izakhiwo zomphakathi. Njengengxenye yocwaningo lwakhe, wayefuna ukubonisa umlando ngokuvamile, ayigcini kuphindza acoce amaqiniso futhi izigameko. Wayefanele ukuqashelwa international, wayeyilungu inhlangano ezifana French Academy, futhi zakhonza kwamanye izikhungo ezinkulu imfundo.

izici Jikelele isiqondiso

Indlela yokuthuthuka yesayensi zomlando kwekhulu lama-20 buvezwa abasha zemihla esikoleni, abameleli okuyinto ezibhekwa ubudala historiography positivist outmoded futhi wanxusa ukuba banake hhayi amaqiniso, kodwa izinqubo e kwezomnotho nasemphakathini, okuyinto, ngokombono wabo, bakha indaba zangempela ngesikhathi kuyilapho izenzakalo zezombusazwe zangaphandle kanye namaqiniso - kuphela ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle izinguquko zabo. Igama isiqondiso kwaba umagazini kwegama elifanayo, esanyatheliswa M. Bloch futhi Lucien Febvre. Lo magazini omusha kuye kwaba siphephelo imibono emisha e historiography isiFulentshi, kodwa ekuqaleni zemihla ngemihla esikoleni akakujabulelanga bebaningi ngenxa ukubusa isayensi positivist.

Ezinye amaqiniso okuphila

Ngokuzayo abadumile mlando kuqala futhi anamathela namasiko alo, imithetho ubudala futhi umlando isifundo yabhekisela nababusi ngabanye, ababusi, izenzakalo zezombusazwe. Nokho, maduzane nje, wasuka lezo zimiso futhi wajoyina ukugeleza wemilando abasha. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sihambe uqhubekele ukuhlaziywa imibono yakhe, hlalani ngesikhathi yomlando wakhe, ngemva zonke izenzakalo ekuphileni kwakhe, waba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umcwaningi odumile ngesikhathi sakhe.

Indawo yokuzalwa yesazi-mlando - edolobhaneni French e Lotarigii, okuyinto ku komngcele waseJalimane. Wazalwa ngo-1902 ku-umkhaya ovamile: uyise wayengumfundisi wezibalo, umkhulu wakhe - isosha futhi umlimi. Ebuntwaneni mlando esizayo wachitha endaweni, sigcina izimpilo zabantu abavamile abasebenzayo yaba nethonya elikhulu emhlabeni, ngeke zinquma isithakazelo ayenaso izindaba zokuphila. Lena ukuphela kwendawo lokuzalwa, ngokuvumelana Umlando nombhali, kwaba isikole sokuqala ngenxa ke waletha nokuqaphela ukubaluleka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu abavamile.

Ngo-1909, wabhalisa esikoleni samabanga aphansi endaweni yabadla izambane likaPondo eParis, bese enhlokodolobha Lyceum. Ngokwesazi-mlando, cwaningo, yanikwa Kulula kakhulu: ayenakho enhle, wayelithanda ukufunda, indalo ngobuciko, umlando, sibonga ukulungiswa uyise nokubhekana eyala zezibalo. abazali wakhe wayefuna ukuthola okukhethekile lobuchwepheshe, kodwa mlando wajoyina Faculty of Humanities eSorbonne. Fernand Braudel, efana abafundi abaningi abasha ngaleso sikhathi, waba nesithakazelo isihloko inguquko, futhi wayezama ukuthola degree, khetha isihloko salo ocwaningeni ukuqala ke edolobheni, okuyinto eduze sakubo, kodwa lezi izinhlelo awazange ezimiselwe igcwaliseke.

Sebenza phesheya

Usosayensi waya Algeria, lapho efundisa kusukela ngo-1923 kuya ku-1932. Yena wayengumbulali womfundisi ekhaliphile kakade owayevelele njengenceku uthisha ekhaliphile. Ngo Umlando wakhe, eminyakeni baye baba nethonya elikhulu: yayinesithakazelo kangaka emhlabeni iMedithera, ukuthi sanquma ukunikezela mqondo yakhe. Phakathi nale minyaka engu yayingekhona nje elikufundisayo, kodwa futhi kube nezithelo kakhulu bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe yesayensi, ukusebenza imibhalo ezigciniwe. Wayengumuntu obusebenzayo kakhulu futhi kwaphela iminyaka eminingana kwase waqongelela omningi nezinto ezibonakalayo ezanele zokubhala ucwaningo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukushicilelwa sihloko wakhe wokuqala (1928).

Sashintsha kanjani isimo sengqondo

On ukwakheka emhlabeni Fernand Braudel futhi wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye ekuhlanganeni kwakhe Lucien Febvre ngo-1932, lapho bobabili kanyekanye babuyela ezweni lenkaba yabo. Lokhu amaziyo buvezwa izici of izindlela kwalo ngokwesayensi esizayo. Waba hhayi kuphela lweli imibono lesikole Annales, kodwa futhi abe umngane oseduze. Usosayensi wabambisana umagazini edumile, kamuva abathintekayo emibhalweni yakhe. Iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni wakhetha isihloko izinqubomgomo zakhe ocwaningeni iNkosi uPhilip II eMedithera, okuyinto kwakuhambelana nokuka isiko historiography positivist, kodwa ke wahamba kude umuntu umbusi futhi into eyinhloko nocwaningo lwakhe wanquma ukwenza indawo indaba, ukutadisha Amathrendi jikelele ekuthuthukisweni kwe-at eduze ukunakekela umnotho, senhlalo, umnotho. Ngakho-mlando isiFulentshi, waba umsunguli we ohlangothini olusha e historiography - geohistory, okubandakanya cwaningo imihlola yoxhumano owedlule eyamaniswa eduze nemvelo sezulu, izici sezwe.

Sebenza eBrazil futhi ngesikhathi impi ibambene

Kusukela ngo-1935 kuya ku-1937 wafundisa usosayensi eyunivesithi Brazilian. Lo msebenzi omusha, wathi, uye futhi baba neqhaza elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngomqondo kwamasiko. Ukuba kakhulu ebucayi ngokwemvelo, ekanye isithakazelo liveliest yokubukela ukuphila endaweni efanayo emave lambalwa ukuthi kamuva kunqunywa isithakazelo Fernand Braudel lenkinga kwavumela ukuba impucuko ezahlukene. Lapho ngibuyela ekhaya, wayengumuntu beqondiswa umngane wakhe wanquma ukubhala ukubhala Mediterranean, kodwa kuhambisana nesiqondiso entsha, kodwa ekuqaleni kwempi futhi umsebenzi ezweni sashintsha ngalawo mapulani.

Isazi-mlando lokuqala alwa, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside, njengoba elathunjwa kanye izinsalela iqembu lakhe futhi kuya ku-1945 wahlala ekuthunjweni. Nokho, wathola amandla okuqhubeka. inkumbulo Usosayensi ukusebenza, ekubuyiseleni archival yayo amarekhodi nokufeza zeminyaka eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi wakwazi ngixhumane Febvre, ubani ngemva nokudutshulwa Bloc ngokubamba iqhaza kwabo ngokuzimisela kule nhlangano ukumelana wayewukuphela ikhanda isiqondiso yezindaba zemihla ngemihla. Braudel waboshwa emzini Mainz, lapho eseneminyaka eyunivesithi kanye izimo yeziboshwa iziboshwa zempi kwakungafanele ezinzima kakhulu. Lapha wakwazi ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe, okuyinto livikelwe ngempumelelo, ngemva kwempi, ngo-1947.

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka kusukela post-yimpi,

Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i ka ocwaningeni yakhe edumile ethi "LwaseMedithera ezweni laseMedithera e engu-uPhilip II» umbhali abe ummeleli neyaziwayo lesikole entsha. Ngaleso sikhathi, yena waba imatasa nasekufundiseni, futhi umise ngokwaso hhayi nje njengomuntu usosayensi onekhono, kodwa futhi njengoba i umhleli kakhulu. Ngo-1947, yena nabangane bakhe wasungula kwesigaba 6 ecole pratique des Hautes études, eye laba yindawo ezintsha zocwaningo. Ngemva kokufa Febvre, waba ngumengameli weqembu, futhi agcinwe kule ndawo kuze kube ngo-1973. Waba futhi umhleli sikamagazini yayo, waqala ukufundisa abantu ekolishi de France, lapho walibangisa uMnyango impucuko yesimanje.

Ukuzihlukanisa imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle

Nokho, ngemva kwezenzakalo ka-1968 e Isiphelo sakhe, njengoba isigcino yezwe, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi kulo nyaka waqala mass umfundi ukunyakaza, eyathandwa impela ububanzi ububanzi. Braudel, ngemva kokubuyela ekhaya, wazama ukuzihlanganisa abahlanganyeli ezingxoxweni, kodwa kulokhu wathola ukuthi amazwi akhe ungenzi kubo isenzo oyifunayo njengoba eminyakeni eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi yena ngokwakhe kubhekwe omele i isayensi yisikhathi. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, lapho unquma ukuhamba iningi okuthunyelwe kwabo futhi azinikele ngokukhethekile kwezesayensi.

umsebenzi omusha

Kusukela 1967 kuya ku-1979-ke wayesenza umsebenzi kanzima emsebenzini wakhe ezinkulu esilandelayo "Impucuko Material, umnotho kanye ne-capitalism." Wabeka yena umsebenzi esibonakala singenakwenzeka: ukufunda umlando kwezomnotho kusukela zingu-15 kuya ekhulwini le-18. Kulesi umsebenzi eliyisisekelo ke ngokusebenzisa impahla zomlando okukhulu iyibonakalisa izindlela zentuthuko yezomnotho, ukuhweba, lwezimiso nokuphila kwabantu. Ube engumlobi njalo nesithakazelo indima abahwebi umlamuli, abathengisi namabhange.

Ngokusho usosayensi, izici ezomnotho nezenhlalo, okuyinto kuye kwamiswa kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, baye laba isisekelo segama inqubomgomo, imicimbi lapho yena uqobo engazange unamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu, uwabheka ukuba nobuzenzisi futhi ungakujabulisi ngokuba usosayensi, yini ngokuvamile wagxeka. Futhi, wabekwa icala ukuthi wayezama ukubhala umlando womhlaba wonke futhi bamukele zonke izici zokuphila, okuyinto ngokuyisisekelo engenakwenzeka. Nokho, umsebenzi omusha abacwaningi ushintshe indlela yokuthuthuka of historiography.

Imibono kanye izindlela methodological

Umlando wokuphila kwansuku zonke kwaba into eyinhloko nocwaningo lwakhe. Kodwa okunabileko kuyinto uMariya kwesikhathi zomlando, lapho wahlukanisa ku eside (okubaluleke kakhulu, ihlanganisa khona impucuko), emifushane (izenzakalo lezinkathi ngamunye wamboza ukuphila kwabantu ngabanye), futhi ngokwesilinganiso, ngebhayisikili (okubandakanya ups yesikhashana nezimbi kuyo yonke imikhakha emphakathini ). Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ubesebenza kusebenta ngekukhutsala ezinikele umlando France, ingxenye okuthiwa "Abantu Nezinto", lapho ayethé olwenziwa kokuhlaziya yokuziphilisa zabantu, ukuphila kwakhe futhi izici yentuthuko. Kodwa washona ngo-1985 ngaphandle kokuqeda umsebenzi wakhe kuze kube sekupheleni.

Inani

Iqhaza kwenziwe usosayensi endaweni historiography ayikwazi overestimated. Wenzé kwaba nombhikisho yangempela isayensi, lisuka ngemva abameleli Annales esikoleni yomlando amaqiniso ekutadisheni izinqubo zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Waqeqesha Umthala lezazi, kuhlanganise nezindima amagama adumile njengoba Duby, Le Goff nabanye. umsebenzi wakhe, waba yingqopha-mlando emlandweni nesayense, buvezwa indlela yokuthuthuka yayo ekhulwini lama-20.