Bangaki kwemibhoshongo YaseMoscow ezibiyele: incazelo uhlu kanye nomlando

Lesi sakhiwo endala eMoscow, ezibiyele manje isici esiphawula leli dolobha yaseRussia. Indlela ubonakala wethu abahlali isikhathi nezivakashi - kuyinto umsebenzi wezingcweti futhi abaklami phezu 5 eminyaka. Kusukela kwaqala esikhathini esizayo, inhlokodolobha Russian lapho Yury Dolgoruky ku settlement indawo eMfuleni eMoscow ngaphambilini ukwakha inqaba. It is kahle walondoloza, futhi Muscovites yesimanje ukwazi kahle ukuthi bangaki kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele, kanye nezivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziza isigqoko ubuhle baso.

Umlando kanye nencazelo eMoscow ezibiyele

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka isakhiwo eMoscow tsars Russian abamenyiwe okungcono abaklami Italian ukuba bandise futhi uqinise inqaba yalo, okuyinto delineates emngceleni kancane kancane. Ezinkathini ezahlukene 20 "vezh" yayakhiwe kuwo - lokho bangaki imibhoshongo Kremlin.

Ngamunye wabo nomlando wayo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi igama kodwa amabili, abantu futhi ngokuthi - ongenagama. I ezibiyele wakhela emhlabeni isiphetho Vyatichi phakathi kwekhulu XII. Ngakho, ngo-1156, i-850 metres lokuqala izakhiwo ukuzivikela ezakhiwa. Kwaphela cishe ngekhulu le nqaba lamiswao, kodwa labhujiswa ngokuphelele namaMongol 1238

Ngemva ifake isandla ekubuyiselweni kwalo ngo 1264, izikhulu eMoscow wakwenza yokuhlala yabo, futhi 1339 ayenakho umbhoshongo yakhe yokuqala, kodwa noma kunjalo ezenziwe ngokhuni. Kuphela phakathi nokubusa Dmitry Donskoy e 1366, izindonga lokhuni nemibhoshongo kwathathelwa indawo ngetshe ezimhlophe, okuyinto kuqoshwa esingekude neMoscow. Kwavela kulo igama lomuzi - "itshe elimhlophe".

Kanjani imibhoshongo eziningi ezibiyele ngaleso sikhathi engaziwa njengoba bebizwa ngalesosikhathi phephetha, abuye avuselela. Lolu suku lwaqala ukuhlelwa kabusha yayo ngaphansi Ivan III. Lokhu lula yokuthi itshe lendawo emhlophe yaba ngeyesikhashana futhi waqala ukuwa, kodwa a look zanamuhla enqabeni waqala ukuthola e 1485. Ngalezo zinsuku, indlela kwemibhoshongo eminingi kule eMoscow ezibiyele bekulokhu, zozela zonke, asebenzelana ngayo izindonga kabusha esakhiwe ngezitini.

Ifomu yokugcina inqaba labawatfolile esifundvweni 1516, ngenkathi oyiyo yangaphakathi kushintsha njalo. UMbhoshongo eMoscow ezibiyele (uhlu ngezansi), futhi izindonga unxantathu okungajwayelekile. Leli fomu litholakala phakathi nokubusa Ivan III. Nguye kuchazwe imingcele inqaba. Uhla ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo:

1. Spassky.
2. Vodovzvodnaya.
3. Borovitskaya.
4. Armoury.
5. Usigaxamabhande.
6. Nikolskaya.
7. UZiqu-zintathu.
8. Kutafya.
9. Tsar.
10. ISigele.
11. Arsenal Ephakathi.
12. Corner Arsenal.
13. Beklemishevskaya.
14. Nabatnaya.
15. UConstantine uHelen.
16. Nameless Okokuqala.
17. Nameless Okwesibili.
18. Peter.
19. Taynitskaya.
20. Annunciation.

Ezibiyele umbhoshongo (incazelo ngamunye ngezansi), kanye izindonga, walondoloza ngokuphelele, ngokungafani izakhiwo yangaphakathi. Umonakalo enkulu kwakwenziwa esontweni zasendulo Stalin inkathi.

Taynitskaya umbhoshongo kanye Borovitskie umbhoshongo esangweni

Bangaki kwemibhoshongo owenza eMoscow ezibiyele, njengoba ayephethe izindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, Taynitskaya owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi ngakho ngenxa ku-UMfula iMoscow wahola backdoor uma inqaba noma ukuhlasela kwenzeke ekuvinjezelweni eside.

ukuphakama kwalo - 38,4 m, kanye kwakukhona isango kamuva bricked up. Kwakuthinta ngowokuqala eyakhelwe version isitini e 1485 ngaphansi kokuqondisa wezakhiwo Anton Fryazino.

Bangaki kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele, kodwa kuphela 3 of them are round, kanti bonke abanye babe ukuma sikwele. Lokho Borovitskaya kuyinto isakhiwo ubude sikwele, ebekiwe umqhele phansi wangenela. Itholakala egqumeni eliphakeme e Moscow, ngakho uma "ukukhula" 54,05 m kusobala ubonakale kude.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo: elakhiwa ngo 1490 by master Italian Pietro solari, kuba isinqumo inkosi kusuka 1658 wabizwa ngokuthi Baptist umbhoshongo, ebizwa ngokuthi eseduze Church Ioanna Predtechi futhi isithonjana igama elifanayo, ukukhwezwa ngenhla esangweni layo.

Moskvoretskaya, Annunciation futhi Vodovzvodnaya umbhoshongo

Beklemishevskaya, noma njengoba manje ibizwa ngokuthi, Moskvoretskaya umbhoshongo ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele ohlangothini eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Kremlin. Lesi sakhiwo round nge izintuba ewumngcingo ezakhiwa nge wezakhiwo Italian Marco Ruffo e 1488.

igama layo, lokhu umbhoshongo kwakubangelwa egcekeni eduze Boyar Beklemisheva. Lapho Vasily III le ndawo yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula ejele ngenxa bawa aphume umusa inkosi yabantwana boyars. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakubaluleke kakhulu amasu, njengoba itholakala empambana we UMfula iMoscow kanye umsele ukuzivikela, ngakho kuqala beze ngaphansi umlilo.

Ukuthweswa umqhele isilinda Tile ukuphakama mashikuli 46,2 m (esinanyathiselwe izimbotshana mpo ngokudubula isitha) sizungezwe indawo ukulwa. Ngale ndlela wasukumela 1680, ngesikhathi ehlotshiswe eziyisishiyagalombili wakhomba nge itende emincane. Ngakho kubonakala namuhla. Igama layo elisha ukweleta etholakala eduze UMfula iMoscow ibhuloho.

umbhoshongo Annunciation yaqanjwa isithonjana ngokuyisimangaliso, okuyinto kugcinwa kuwo. Kamuva lakha ibandla isithonjana, kodwa igama ezintendeni.

Vodovzvodnaya Tower kuyinto ekhoneni futhi abizwa kanjalo ngenxa kanye kwakukhona umshini ukumpompa amanzi emfuleni bese bekuthuthela ngokusebenzisa amapayipi phambili esigodlweni we Kremlin.

Ekhulwini le-17, le moto adiliza futhi zayiswa Petersburg ngoba imithombo kudivayisi. Umbhoshongo kuyinto 61,45 m.

Armoury nombhoshongo Usigaxamabhande

Uma umbhoshongo Armoury wayemi ogwini Neglinka, kodwa ke emfuleni "eboshelwe" phakathi komhlaba ipayipi. Igama lakhe ubophekile isakhiwo elakhiwe eduze Armoury, lapho eyake elise izikhali kanye nobucwebe workshop. Manje kuba Museum, elinikeza wezempi nezinto zokuhloba amagugu asendulo esiyingqayizivele. 32,65 m ukuphakama kwesakhiwo.

umbhoshongo Usigaxamabhande elakhiwa ngo 1495, kodwa wathola igama layo lamanje kuphela ekhulwini le-19, lapho Usigaxamabhande le nqaba iyiswe eseduze Fun Palace.

Zintathu, Kutafya noPetru umbhoshongo

Bangaki kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele, cishe bonke of them ezakhiwa kabusha by izingcweti Italy ngekhulu le-15. Lokho zintathu eyakhelwe Aloisio da Karezano eminyakeni 1495-1499. Kuyinto Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke se-Kremlin. ukuphakama Its 80 m kanye nge Spire umqhele inkanyezi. Igama lakhe lithole ukwakhiwa eseduze zintathu Church.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: ngesikhathi esisodwa kulendlu bekungelegolide igama elehlukile, isibonelo Rizopolozhensky, Umqeqeshi noma Znamenskaya kuze 1658, ayizange wathola igama layo lamanje. Kwake kwathi ngo-esinezitezi ezimbili wakhe isisekelo kwaba ejele. Kuze 1935 Spire yayo egcotshwe njengendlovukazi ukhozi yenkosi, owathatha inkanyezi irubi ukuba esenzeka ngalo inguquko.

Kutafya Tower imele ekuqaleni le Troitsky Ibhuloho futhi akafani nezinye izakhiwo Kremlin. Kuyinto ephansi (18 m), ezimfushane futhi ububanzi, ngakho-ke ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi. Kutafia eRussia ukugconwa abesifazane obukhulu hulking.

Njengoba umpofu, ngokombono amasu ka buka, kwaba odongeni aseningizimu ezibiyele yakhiwa khona umbhoshongo ezengeziwe. Sekuyisikhathi eside esingalazi igama lakhe, kodwa-ke washaya igama uPetru eseduze Church of Metropolitan uPetru.

Ephakathi futhi Corner Arsenal Tower

Ephakathi Arsenal Tower (1493-1495 GG.) Itholiwe igama layo kusukela eyakhelwe eceleni yezikhali zakhe. Uya Alexander Garden.

Igama Corner Arsenal Tower liyazikhulumela. Yena imikiswe ukuma idume kahle salo, esiwulwazi iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500. Itholakala ngasesinqeni se isakhiwo futhi namanje egcwele amanzi elicwengekileyo kusukela emfuleni ngomshoshaphansi.

UNicholas, Wezigele kanye Spasskaya umbhoshongo

Bangaki imibhoshongo ezibiyele, futhi cishe bonke of them zinamagama elihlobene ne amasonto eduze. Ngakho Nicholas phakathi kwabo. Lesi sakhiwo travel kwaba ifakwe Ibhuloho eliphakanyiswayo elingena phezu umsele kanye nemigoqo, ezikhathini ingozi yehliselwa, ukuze izitha musa zidlulile. Kungenxa Minin zakhe Pozharsky bahlasela nebutho lakhe futhi yakhululwa lo muzi kokungenela Polish-Lithuanian.

ISigele umbhoshongo (1491) itholakala ngemuva Mausoleum V I. Lenina futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha isakhiwo Senate elitholakala ngemva odongeni Kremlin.

Spassky umbhoshongo Yakhiwa esizeni amasango wangaphambili esemqoka ye Kremlin. Nosidlulisayo isithonjana koMsindisi ifakiwe, kanye emnyango wabaselwa babekhulekela isizwe esingcwele, uyifake balandela ngezinyawo, ikhanda lakhe lingagutshuzelwe. Esikhathini sethu yafakazela Iwashi abadumile Astronomical.

Ezinye izindaba zika-Kremlin imibhoshongo

WokuQala nowesiBili umbhoshongo ongenagama kwadingeka kuphela ukubaluleka amasu, isibonelo kwesinye sazo kwaba Keg powder.

Nabatnaya umbhoshongo ngempela kwaba ifakwe ibhera platform wokubuka lapho abacibishelayo besemsebenzini. Ngekhulu le-18 ngo ukukhala we izinsimbi asusa isidumo emzini, futhi lapho ukubeka phansi, bese abaphundlwe "Yini eyayibangele lokho" limi. Futhi hung isikhencezo buthule, aze wathunyelwa Museum.

Royal akuyona neze into umbhoshongo, njengoba nje i add-etendeni, lapho u-Ivan Grozny bathandile ukuza ukubheka edolobheni.

UConstantine noHelen Tower futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha esontweni. Eyakhelwe 1490 futhi idume ngoba ngokusebenzisa amasosha wakhe Russian aya empini, ezifana Dmitry Donskoy phezulu namabutho empi.

Yileyo indlela kwemibhoshongo eminingi kuhlobisa eMoscow ezibiyele namuhla.