Novodevichy Sezindela e Moscow, kuphi? History of the sezindela

Omunye ezinkulu Russian amagugu yezakhiwo ubhekwa le Novodevichy Sezindela eMoscow. Okukhulu kakhulu Museum kusukela ngekhulu XVI yenzeka ejikeni esisempumalanga yoMfula Moskva endaweni mlando ngokuthi le Ntombazane ensimini, futhi ayilokothi iyeke ukuheha ne ubuhle bayo nomlando omude never-ophela ekusakazeni zezivakashi nezihambi.

izenzakalo Imfihlo legends bengene shí ezintweni Novodevichy Sezindela. E-Moscow, lapho sezindela sasendulo, ngesikhathi Tatar abophele abantu Russian eqoqwe intela Golden zidlamlilo. Tribute sakhokhwa AmaTatar, hhayi kuphela igolide futhi uboya. It is lapha alethwe ubuhle Russian amantombazane, ogama isiphetho kuye kwanqunywa kusengaphambili ngesikhathi ukugqilazwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, insimu yayibizwa ngokuthi Ntombazane, futhi umhlaba lapha owabona usizi olungapheli wahlala ofakwe ngezinyembezi. Lapha futhi Novodevichy Sezindela e Moscow, lenziwe isisekelo omlando wakhe uya emuva eminyakeni, ukuba nesikhathi ekuqiniseni amandla Russia.

Sekuyisikhathi inyunyana umhlaba eMoscow

Novodevichy Sezindela uNina kaNkulunkulu yomlando Smolensk waqala ngo-1524, futhi ukubonakala kwawo ubophekile isenzakalo esibalulekile-Russia - kwaqedwa ubunye Muscovy. Grand Prince Vasily III eMoscow, ngokuthi "ngalendoda kwamazwe Russian", samuntu futhi efeni ababusi baseByzantium, nokuvikela-Orthodox kusukela infidels.

Grand ubunye ezweni eRussia saphela ukukhululeka lapho sekubusa Lithuanian ka Smolensk - edolobheni, eyayintula ukubaluleka lwamasu isimo Russian. Le mpi zomlando esenzeka ngo-1514, futhi engu-10 kamuva, egcwalisa isithembiso asenza ngaphambi kokuya Smolensk, Prince wasungula sezindela nesonto, yangcwelisa Smolensk isithonjana Umama oNgcwele ( "Putevoditelnitsy").

Indlela Great Smolensk Icon

Isithonjana Smolensk UnguNina KaNkulunkulu bayofika ezweni Russian ekhulwini XI, ngaphambi obhekwe Muscovy. Ngokusho yetinsita alotshwa ngesikhathi kwasemhlabeni Virgin Umphostoli Luka, sesifikile ibanga elide kusukela iJerusalema lasendulo ngo-dolobha WaseByzantium waseConstantinople, bese kuya Russian Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Yena wayemiselwe ukuba abe ethempelaneni izinhlobo izikhulu Russian. Futhi isikhathi eside, isithombe ngokuyisimangaliso ezigcinwe kulo ibandla labaseTheselonika Assumption Smolensk ngokucophelela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwakwaziwa njengoba Smolensk isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, futhi umuzi manje egcinwe ngemishophi Virgin. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke XIII ekhulwini ikakhulu ukuchaza isimangaliso sokuthi isithonjana lapho yena wasindisa Smolensk kusukela Ukuhlaselwa amabutho ka Batu.

Kusukela 1398 isithombe ngokuyisimangaliso kwakungesinye e Muscovy. Kwaletha UZandile Vitovtovna, eMoscow Prince Vasily I. unkosikazi ngesikhathi ehambele Smolensk kuyise, isikhulu Lithuanian, uSophia wabusiswa yomzali nesiqondiso ukugcina isithonjana ekhaya. Beka liye kunqunywe Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi izithunywa Smolensk ucelwe uVasili III of the ukubuya isithonjana. Kodwa uma isinqumo ukuze uhlangane ezweni Russian nesifiso ukuheha abakhileyo Smolensk ohlangothini Russian kwesikhulu eye wasivumela lesi senzakalo ukuba kwenzeke.

Ngaphambi kokuthumela shrine e elide Smolensk, ngomyalo wabaholi isikhulu nezimpawu isuswe uhlu olunembile, okwakubekelwa ushiywe Annunciation Cathedral. I Novodevichy Sezindela e Moscow, lapho manje uhlu imifanekiso, esazama 1525.

Ngo Smolensk shrine ephelezelwa udwendwe olusuka izindonga ezibiyele ukuze Sawin sezindela. Kwaba ngemva umthandazo omkhulu wathuthela endleleni Smolensk.

Lokhu isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando uye kusukela kugujwa minyaka yonke amasevisi zemikhosi futhi udwendwe endaweni lapho manje welula Novodevichy Sezindela. EMoscow, eRussia, wonke amaKristu-Orthodox waseRussia khazimulisa Julayi 28 Smolensk Isithonjana uNina kaNkulunkulu. Kuleli qophelo, ngemva kwempi onqobayo Smolensk, abathile ebandleni, kuqala sokhuni sezindela entsha sase sibekiwe.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba igama sezindela ku Field Virgin sika

Isigodlo okuthiwa "Novodevichy" wayengekho ngephutha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI eMoscow wayevele sezindela ezimbili zesifazane - Isigodlo omdala Conception, ngokuthi ke Starodevichim, futhi isendaweni ensimini ka-Ascension YaseMoscow ezibiyele sika. Igama yokuqala Isigodlo ku Field Virgin, okukhulunywe zemihla e 1598 - Abahlanzekile Iningi Virgin Hodegetria I nunnery entsha.

Kunenye nguqulo ye ukubukeka isihloko. Abbess ka wezindela sanikezelwa schema-ndela Elena, bayou futhi atehlukanisa Suzdal Pokrovsky Monastery. Kusukela Suzdal entsha esigodlweni abbess sikukhiphe ohlwini futhi 18 izindelakazi, futhi ukuze uyikhonze ngokwethembeka kuyo yonke emizamweni yakho. Impilo ka-izindela at wezindela yasungulwa by izimiso ubudala ehostela futhi kuncike isimiso esiqinile. Kuze kube sesikhathini samanje ukulondoloza idokhumenti esiyingqayizivele ngesandla lwentiwe abbess we Novodevichy Sezindela - charter kanye ekuqaleni nsuku wesigodlo XVI leminyaka.

Bayou Elena ayedume ngokukhipha abe "vseizryadnoy uthisha isikhundla eyintombi, 'futhi ibandla lalinabamemezeli Devochkin isidlaliso ngenxa ukunakekela okukhethekile amantombazane sivikelwe. Thanda letha nguMkhandlu abbess sasisikhulu kangangokuba it is ezingxenyeni elidala eMoscow igama lezintandane kwabesifazane.

Kusukela umlando we Novodevichy Sezindela Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi uPetru Bengilapha ihlelwe indawo izingane, amantombazane azalwe ngokungemthetho. Izindela ukuba baphakamise futhi kufundiswe okukhulu zabo, wokugxilisa kuzo ukuthobeka nokulalela. Kwakungesale uPetru Ngacabanga ukufundisa izimfundamakhwela ziyaye sezindela lace ku ngendlela Dutch. Shelter iyona prototype lokuqala ngekusasa lophiko lezintandane eMoscow for girls amakilasi okusezingeni eliphezulu.

History of the sezindela abesifazane siphephelo amantombazane eziyizintandane kamuva baqhubeka nokuvuka Novodevichy Monastery eyasungulwa oda Empress Elizabeth 1746. Ngaleso sikhathi, yena uye wanquma ukudlulisela umuzwa yezindelakazi eMoscow Petersburg. A athandwa kakhulu lokhu sezindela baqala ukusebenzisa phakathi kwempahla monasticism phakathi kwabesifazane ekhulwini XIX.

Enye inguqulo izizathu kokudala sezindela

Izazi-mlando cishe ngazwi linye uyavuma ukuthi esinye sezizathu for nokusungula esigodlweni entsha futhi kwaba yidrama siqu Vasily III. Lokhu kufana idwetshwa phakathi ukwakhiwa Isigodlo kanye icala isehlukaniso kwesikhulu. Kukhethwe kubo Solomonia Saburova kweminyaka ethile beshadile 20, angikwazanga ukunikeza indlalifa kokwesikhulu. Esaba nabafowabo, sengathi ukuba abuse, wathola imvume esontweni ukuphinde ashade. Wehluleka ukubhekana isibopho sakhe somshado kumkakhe Solomonia Vasily III baphoqeleka ukuba athathe umgubuzelo futhi wadingiswa yakhe esigodlweni sezindela Christmas. Ngo-1525 kwathiwa christened UZandile.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi Novodevichy Sezindela e Moscow, okuyinto uhlu Smolensk isithonjana lwenzelwe ngqo uSolomoni. Futhi Vasily III, «ukuphayona" yamakhosi ku ophoqelelwe ilahle umkayo noma ezindongeni Isigodlo, uzama kanjalo nokunciphisa icala lakhe.

Kusukela ezibiyele kuya Novodevichy Sezindela laliqhele ngamakhilomitha amathathu kuphela. Kodwa ukuya endaweni olunothile eduze eMoscow indela UZandile ayikwazanga kokuchitha izinsuku zakhe eyabelwe e Suzdal, Pokrovsky ngemuva izindonga ka esigodlweni. ukuphila zaKhe zokulunga yena hola sokubala ezingcwele, futhi namuhla lihlonishwa KHOLWA Sofiya Suzdalskaya uMfundisi.

Godunovs le Novodevichy Sezindela

Umkhuba edabukisayo inkomba abantu imikhaya yasebukhosini baqhubeka Ivan Grozny. Wayecashile lapha umfelokazi womfowabo futhi indodana yakhe. Isigodlo wathatha futhi umfelokazi Fedor mina Ioanovicha, u-Irina Godunov, ivikela ke kusukela ngokufa komfowabo u Boris. Isinqumo sakhe ukushiya esigodlweni sezindela ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe oko esifana abdication. Kodwa nansi indlovukazi indela waqhubeka wezemiSebenzi yoMphakathi, okwenza abode esigodlweni. Kukulo muzi lapho kathathu weza ukukhothamela lesi boyars owabuza Boris ukubusa.

Ngokukhethekile futhi banikwa we Novodevichy Sezindela waqala ukubeka ke Boris Godunov ezathatha amandla 1598. Ukuze udadewabo Irina Fedorovna wakha elisha ivulekile amaseli, yesonto futhi Refectory. Ngemva kwalokho, zizokwenziwa zibe okuthiwa Irininskimi emakamelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali zanikezelwa ngenxa yokulungiswa ephelele Smolensk Cathedral, yasezindongeni elibuyiselwe iconostasis, futhi umfanekiso ngokuyisimangaliso begqoke amaholo amasha ngamatshe ayigugu.

umndeni ezithunjiwe bobukhosi

Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa ngokulandelana engapheli abakhileyo esigodlweni sezindela boyars izizukulwane nezikhulu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona labo bazithola ngemuva eziqinile asisibo wakhetha ezabo.

ziqhubeke zisejele izihlobo uPetru I. 1689 lapha kufihlwe Princess UZandile Alekseevna, udadewabo okuthiwa i-monarch ubhongoza wokuvukela Archer. Isiphetho abangane bakhe owawudume. Bona abulawa phambi Novodevichy Sezindela, futhi emakhanda awo alengiswe ku imibhoshongo itshe kwezindonga yesigodlo. Lokhu wadingiselwa unkosikazi yokuqala kaPetru mina, Lopuchin Evdokia, ngokusho legend uqalekisiwe inhliziyo yakhe ayithandayo bomuzi iNeva.

"Novodevichy Sezindela e Moscow, lapho kukhona abantu abaningi umndeni ezihloniphekayo, ecebile senzelwe abantu ephakeme" - wafakaza uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon. Njengasezinsukwini zokuphuma ubudala e Starodevichy, futhi lapha kwafika amakhosi abafazi, abafelokazi namadodakazi bosisi boyars.

Ingcebo ezingenakulinganiswa etholwe wahlala phansi, kwanezelwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi amagugu izindelakazi esizayo, futhi izincwadi okunikezela ku amazwe awo.

Abode noma inqaba?

Ngesikhathi umyalo Vasily III, Isigodlo kwakufanele abe ikhophi amancane Kremlin. Inkantolo abaklami abadwebi wasebenza hhayi kuphela kwi izindonga izivikelo, ingxenye enkulu ubuhle babo. Jikela ezindongeni sezindela emboniselweni wanquma Boris Godunov, kusukela ngemva ummango beya sobukhosi ukuguqulwa yezakhiwo sezindela. New okuqinile kwezindonga zamatshe nge imibhoshongo ezintsha kanye imibhoshongo ahaqa sezindela. ukuphakama yabo manje lakhuphuka lafika ku-13 ukuphakama, futhi ubude - cishe ingxenye ikhilomitha. Ukuze athwale unogada at wezindela othumele strelets ikampu 350 abakhwele amahhashi, kuya kweleshumi XVII Isigodlo waba yangempela wabathengi inqaba emngceleni eMoscow.

Engravings laseMoscow Novodevichy Sezindela futhi usitshele izikhathi Nezinkinga Omkhulu, uma isiphetho inqaba sezindela sasidabukisa. Standing ekuqa- edolobheni, ke uye phansi kuphangwa eminingi abafowethu bakwamanye amazwe, amabutho isihlubuki Musketeers nabaphangi abavamile. Ngu 1612 ezindongeni sezindela yacishe wabhubhisa antshontsha yesigodlo. Kwaba ngaphansi izindonga ezonakele we Novodevichy Sezindela, ukulwa komlando impi Polish, ngemva kwalokho Prince Pozharsky wahola isikwati kuya Kremlin.

Impilo entsha Isigodlo: ukubuyiselwa nokwanda

Ukubuyiselwa Novodevichy sezindela owaqala ngokuvukela obhekwe nokubusa Romanov kuqala. Mikhail Fedorovich, yakhulula sezindela kusukela izintela 1650 usule sezindela kusukela iminonjana empini, wakhiwe kabusha nezindonga enezivikelo eziqinile. Wenza indlu yezindela indawo Praying Mantis bantu wasebukhosini. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi le Novodevichy Sezindela wawusegunjini ngaphandle komuzi, ngaphansi kwaphulwa izindonga zawo ematendeni, lapho bahlala khona ebusuku, "ngakho miss umthandazo ekuseni." Siyabonga esigodlweni sezindela eMoscow ukuthi uqambe Prechistenka emgwaqweni - zanamuhla edolobheni elidala uphawu. Kungenxa amalungu esonto lakhe uhambe ngamaholidi.

emikhosini ngokwezifiso nganoma Novodevichy Muscovites saphila kanye izikhathi. Namuhla, izinkulungwane zabantu zama ukuya Novodevichy Sezindela eMoscow. Uyithola kanjani endaweni lapho imikhosi yamaholide aphethwe?

imikhosi Festive isikhungo esingokomlando

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indawo Folk imikhosi idluliselwe kusuka ezindongeni sezindela phezu fresh and Field Virgin sika. Le mikhosi yokuqala yayiqhutshelwa kuphela ngamaholide enkolo. Ukubukeka edumile emgwaqweni Prechistenka ngokweqile kuhlobene nokuba ne Novodevichy Sezindela.

Umgwaqo lapho ethembekileyo weza ngonyaka kusukela izindonga ezibiyele esigodlweni sezindela, yayikhona ngaphambili. Kodwa umyalo wenkosi 1658 yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi igama Virgin Ubusisiwe, okuyinto ubuso eyisimangaliso ahambe zonke iholide.

Kancane kancane, leli sayithi mlando beqala ukujabula izenzakalo ezibalulekile kanye ezivamile. Kufika ngekhulu XVIII insimu yasendle Ntombazane lahlala ayakhelwe. Kwakukhona izingadi ukuqhakaza futhi njengokwenza komthaki izingadi waphula. Izwe izindlu yezikhulu kule ndawo yaqala ukubonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu.

Namuhla Maiden ensimini endaweni eyakhelwe ngokuphelele, futhi ezitaladini eyinhloko isikhungo esingokomlando ubhekwa kakhulu Pirogovskaya Minor Pirogovskaya futhi Pogodinskaya. Emikhosini aphethwe ezindaweni eziningana, ngaphakathi ukuhamba ibanga komunye nomunye, ngakho umhlahlandlela ukuthola indawo uyoyifeza lezi imigwaqo.

Indlela ukuya Novodevichy Sezindela

Akekho nemizila izivakashi we dolobha akusho ukugwema ukunakwa wakhe Novodevichy Sezindela. Moscow - liyithuluzi eliyinhloko kulabo abafisa ukuhamba emhlabeni Golden Ring.

Njengoba abode wezindela waze waphela ngo-1922. Wasindiswa uhulumeni wamaSoviet njengenhlangano lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo kuze 30s, lapho isinqumo we Yabantu Commissariat lesi sakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi sezindela kwanikwa State Historical Museum (legatsha). Ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela kwempi endaweni esigodlweni waqala ukuvuseleleka ezikoleni zenkolo. Futhi kuphela ngo-1994 impilo Izigodlo esigodlweni sezindela lavuselelwa.

Izivakashi iziqondiso njalo ukunikeza ulwazi kulabo abafisa uvakashele Novodevichy Sezindela. Ikheli futhi izinkomba bakhomba yonke imininingwane amaqhinga. Bedukile kuyoba nzima.

Kusukela namuhla isikhungo esingokomlando inhlokodolobha, futhi eziningi ezikhangayo zihlukaniswe ibangana ke metro station "Ezemidlalo" kungcono ukuthatha okuwuhambo lwemizuzu engu-10 kumgwaqo. Okthoba 10 iminyaka engu-.

Insimu eziyinkimbinkimbi sezindela lilinganiselwe Novodevichy NAB. Luzhnetskaya travel futhi Khamovniki kushaft. Ngaphezu wokuhlola eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo, izivakashi kanye abalandeli abaningi kakhulu ngizibuza emathuneni Novodevichy. Ibuye ilandise ngezinto ukuba izinto ezikhethekile eMoscow. Lapha bangcwatshwe ubuntu eziningi ezivelele wezwe lakithi: ojenene, abameleli esivelele sokuba isayensi kanye namasiko, kanye nezombusazwe.

Heritage yomlando Russian futhi ingokomoya ukholo united ngokwako-mlando indawo waseRussia - Novodevichy Sezindela eMoscow. Ikheli: kaMasipala: "Temidlalo", Novodevichy ndima, 1.