Ama-flatworms: izici ezijwayelekile kanye nesakhiwo

Amakilasi ahlukene ohlobo lwesibhakabhaka aphansi ayenesithakazelo esikhulu kwisayensi. Futhi akukhona nje ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zithokozisa ngokwabo. Eziningi zazo nazo ziyingozi kakhulu. Izikhukhula kanye namagciwane amathanga amabili ama-parasitic izilwane ezivame ukudala izifo ezinzima zabantu nezifo. Lezi zidalwa zihlanganiswa izazi zezilwane zibe yiqembu elilodwa elinama- ciliated-worms- in the type Plathelminthes (flatworms). Isici esijwayelekile sabo sinikezwe esihlokweni sethu. Okudumile kunawo wonke amafomu we-parasitic, enikeza isibonelo esihle sokushintsha kwesinye sezizukulwane, isici seendlela eziphilayo zokuphila. Isici sethu sohlobo lwe-flatworms luqala ngezici zesakhiwo salezi zilwane.

Izici zesakhiwo se-flatworms

Ukuze kusetshenziswe umkhuhlane, ukutholakala kwama-hooks nama-suckers, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi yokuzala kanye nezitho ezinomqondo ezinciphile zivamile. Futhi izingxenye ze-tapeworms azikho ngisho namathumbu, ngoba zihlala ukudla okulungele ukudla. Empeleni, lezi zilwane ziyizikhwama ezigcwele amaqanda. Isakhiwo esilula esekelwe ukulinganisa kwamanye amazwe kunezibungu. Isici saso esilandelayo yilokhu okulandelayo: ingxenye engakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele yomzimba iyisibuko. Ama-flatworms e-free-living ane-flat shape body shape kanye nokuvula okulodwa kuphela emathunjini ngomlomo. Uhlelo lwe-circulatory lezi zinhlobo ziyanqatshwa. Ake siqale sichaze izinhlobo eziphilayo eziphilayo, ezichaza uhlobo lwezintambo ezinwabuzelayo. Izici zabo ezijwayelekile zichazwe ngezansi.

Ama-flatworms e-Free-living: ukudla okunomsoco, ukunyakaza nokuphuma

I-Ectoderm ne-endoderm, isici se-coelenterates, ema-flatworms ahlukaniswa ungqimba lwesithathu lwamaselula - i-mesoderm, okuvela kuyo izicubu zamascle nezitho zangasese. Ukubukeka kwezinsimbi zomzimba kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlangano yama-coelenterates. Iningi lezinhlobo eziphilayo ezihamba mahhala yizinto eziphila emanzini. Zishukunyiswa ngezingqinamba zomzimba noma ukunyakaza kwe-cilia okumboza umzimba wabo. Ama-flatworms asezingeni eliphakeme asetshenziselwa ukondla i-pharynx (isitho esixhuma ukuvula ngomlomo ngamathumbu): bayacindezela ukuba bakhiphe futhi, ngokusebenzisa imisipha ye-muscle, baqede izingcezu zokudla ezondliwa emathunjini. Izindleko zokudla ezingaphenduliwe zibuyela e-pharynx futhi zikhishwa ngaphandle.

Izibungu ezindiza, esizihlolisisa ngokufushane, yiqembu lokuqala lezilwane ezinesistimu yangempela ye-excretory. Imelelwa amadokodo amabili adretory ahlanganisa "amangqamuzana omlilo" futhi avuleka ekupheleni kokugcina komzimba ngama-excretory pores. "Amaseli avuthayo" anegama lawo ngenxa yokushintshashintsha njalo emithandeni ye-cilia, elawula ukulinganisela kwamanzi.

Siphakamisa ukuthi wazi ummeleli ohlukile walolu hlobo, njengezinambuzane. Izici ezijwayelekile nezithombe zalo kuzokusiza ukuba ucabange lezinto ezithakazelisayo.

Procerodeslittoralis

I-free-living worm worm Procerodeslittoralis ifinyelela ubude obuyi-2 cm futhi ihlala ezigodini zasolwandle. Ungowokufunda ekilasini iTurbellaria, iningi lalabo abameleli abahola impilo emanzini. Umzimba onjenga-ribbon wenza kube lula ukusabalalisa oksijeni nokuphela kwemikhiqizo ye-metabolism, ebaluleke kakhulu esilwaneni esilahlekelwa uhlelo lokujikeleza. Lesi yisici sayo jikelele. Uhlobo lwe-flatworms luzoqhubeka lucatshangelwa, luqhubeka luchaza izicubu zezinzwa nezitho ezibukwayo.

Izicubu ezisabekayo, izitho ezibukwayo zezibungu eziphila mahhala

Ukuqoqwa kwezicubu zesibindi emphethweni wangaphambili womzimba we-worm flat kubumba ubuchopho, lapho izintambo zezinzwa ezivela kulowo mahlo amabili okuqala. Nanobe kunjalo, iningi lezindiza ezincane ligwema ukukhanya futhi lithola ukudla ngama-chemoreceptors. Ekuvivinyeni, basabela masinyane ekumuneni kokudla okusakazeka emanzini.

Izibungu ezinamathele ezincane zinezakhiwo ezilandelayo. Amehlo abo atholakala ekupheleni komzimba, ngaphezu kwengqondo, lapho kuphuma khona izinkampani ezimbili zezinzwa. I-pharynx, ekwazi ukuphuma ngaphakathi, ivula emathunjini e-branching. Zonke izinhlobo ze-hermaphrodites, ezinama-ovari nama-testes. Ukuvulwa kobulili kuholela ekwenzeni i-cloaca yobulili, lapho i-organic copulatory ikhona. Ukudlula i-oviduct, amaqanda aphethwe yizimfihlo ze-vitellaria.

Ama-flatworms-flukes: indlela yokuphila

Indlela elula kakhulu ye-parasitism i-ectoparasitism, okungukuthi, impilo emaphethelweni angaphandle omsingatha. Ezinye ze-trematodes zihambisana nayo. Isibonelo, i-Gyrodactylus ifakwe kusetshenziswa izingwegwe nama-suckers ezigayini zezinhlanzi, lapho zidla khona. Kodwa ngomuntu, i-trematodes yangaphakathi ye-parasitic, njenge-Schistosoma (efanekiselwe ngezansi), okwenza i-schistosomias, nesifo sesibindi (i-Fasciola), ngokuvamile esithinta ama-bucts ne-sheep vesture, ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu.

Ukuphazamiseka komuntu, ukuguga kwegazi okudala kwabantu bobulili bobabili bahlala emithanjeni yegazi emathunjini, okwenza ukuvuvukala nokuphuma kwegazi kwangaphakathi. Amaqanda akhishwa ngaphandle ngesisu noma emathunjini futhi, ngemva kokungena emanzini, unike izibungu ezingenawo mahhala ezingena ezingxenyeni ze-cochlea. Esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, ezinye izibungu zivela, ezingena emanzini futhi zifake abantu, zingene egazini ngesikhumba.

I-flup hepatic iphahlazeka emadayini ensimbi kanye ne-bubble yezinkomo nezimvu. Kuyinto enhle kakhulu: ikhiqiza amaqanda angaphezu kwama-40,000 ashiya umphathi ngamanzi. Izibungu ezingenawo amahhala ziphuma emaqanda bese zingena emkhathini ophakathi, i-mollusk yamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngemuva kwezinyathelo eziningi, kubonakala sengathi i-small, caudate semblance ye-flux yabantu abadala ivela emadongeni omzimba we-mollusk ngaphandle, ikhuphuka esitsheni sesitshalo bese ihlala khona kuze kube yilapho izimvu zidla khona.

Izidingo zama-parasites zangaphakathi zilula kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zabo zokugaya nokugaya, kanye nezitho zokuzwa, zinciphile. Uhlelo lokuzala luthuthukiswa kangcono ukuhlinzeka okungenani ingxenye yenzalo umhlangano nomphathi omusha. Ngakho-ke, kuwo wonke ama-trematodes, izitho zokuzala ngokuvamile zikhulu kakhulu futhi inqwaba yama-germ cells akhiwa kuwo. Ngisho noma i-99% yale nzalo ifa, abasindile bangaphila ngokuthola inkosi entsha.

Izinhlobo zendawo

Isilwane lapho i-trematode yabantu abadala ihamba khona ibizwa ngokuthi "ukugcina". Ukwenza kube lula ukuguqulwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kusuka kwesinye isiphephelo sokugcina kwesinye, kunomunye noma ngaphezulu okuphakathi. I-Schistosome isebenzisa isisodwa esisodwa esiphakathi. Kodwa i-Chinese flup hepatic (i-Clonorchis, ekhonjisiwe ngenhla) yilezi ezimbili: i-shellfish nezinhlanzi. Emzimbeni wezakhamuzi eziphakathi, i-parasite idlula ngezigaba ezikhethekile zokuzulazula, lapho kukhuliswa khona izinombolo ngokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual.

Indlela yokuphila yama-tapeworms

I-tapeworms yenza kube lula ukwenza isakhiwo somzimba. Isistimu yokugaya ayitholakali, ngoba i-parasite, igxila ezintweni ezigayiwe-intuthu yomzimba wesibindi, ihlala kuphela ukuze ihlanganise izinto ezidingekayo. Inhloko yesibungu, ehlome izingwegwe nama-suckers, ifakwe kumphathi. Umzimba wonke umane uchungechunge lwezingxenye ezithile, noma ama-proglottids, afomisa phezulu kwebhebhoni, ngokulenga ngokukhululekile ekukhanyeni kwamathumbu ommpi.

Ngaphandle kwama-tubret excretory nama-nerre strands, izingxenye ze-tapeworm, empeleni, izitho zokukhiqiza. Amakhansela amancane angena emgwaqeni ojaculatory, ohlangene nesisu, kuvulwa ngokuvulwa komzimba. Amaqanda, ashiya ama-ovarie, anikezwa izigcawu zezingqimba zegobolondo kanye ne-vitellaria. Amaqanda agcinwa esibelethweni.

Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwe-tapeworm

Izitshalo zeqanda ezikhulayo, ezinikezwa i-yolk futhi zizungezwe igobolondo elivikelayo, zibuthelwa esibelethweni se-worm. Izigaba ezivuthiwe ziphuma futhi, kanye nendwangu yomphathi, zikhishwa ngaphandle. Njenge-flukes, ama-tapeworms anesibindi esisodwa noma ngaphezulu. Isibonelo, ku-ribbon ebanzi (i-Diphyllobothriumlatum), eyenzeka emathunjini omuntu, izinja namakati futhi ifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-9, amaSulumane amabili aphakathi, e-tapeworm yengulube (Taenia solium) - eyodwa.

Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwebhebhoni enkulu

Isici sesibungu esiphezulu sinohlobo lwezinhlamvu eziningi (okufanekiselwa ngenhla) ngokulandelayo. Iqukethe amabutho amabili aphakathi - ama-Cyclops kanye nenye yezinhlanzi eziningi zamanzi ase-Europe, i-America neMpumalanga Ekude. Isibungu esidala sihlala emathunjini omuntu futhi singafinyelela amamitha ambalwa ubude. Amagatsha okugcina aphuma futhi aphuma ngamanzi, athatha amaqanda ayizigidi ezingu-13. Nsuku zonke. Emanzini, i-embryo ishaya iqanda, okuyinto i-cyclope edla ngayo. Kulo, i-fetus iqala ukungena ku-larva yokuqala. Uma i-Cyclops idla inhlanzi, amafomu wesibili e-larva, aqaliswa emathangeni enhlanzi. Uma le nhlanzi igwetshiwe futhi engekho eyanele ephekwe idliwa ngumuntu, ikhishwa. Ukusebenzisa izingwegwe ezincane, i-larva iyazifaka odongeni lomathumbu womuntu futhi emavikini amathathu iphenduka ifomu elidala. Umjikelezo uphindwa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yezinkukhu

Ekuphetheni, unikezwa isici sesibungu esiphezulu senye uhlobo. Cabanga ngomjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwengulube yengulube. Amaqanda akhishwa ngaphandle ngamanqamu abantu azoqhubeka kuphela uma engena emathunjini ehagu, lapho ama-juice okugaya khona ayoqothula igobolondo leqanda futhi kuwo uzovela embryo eboshelwe izingwegwe eziyisithupha. Uzofaka udonga lwamathumbu bese engena egazini, lapho azofinyelela khona emisipha. Lapha kubhekwa, kudala i-vesicle-Finn, futhi uhlala kuleli sigaba kuze kudliwe inyama yomuntu enesifo. Futhi umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwezidumbu uzophindaphinda.

Ngakho-ke, sasihlolisisa izici ezithandayo, sinikeze izici zazo ezijwayelekile. Uhlobo lwe-flatworms lubangela izinkinga eziningi kumuntu, ngakho ososayensi bahlakulela zonke izindlela ezintsha zokubhekana nazo.