Zhelyabov Andrei Ivanovich: Biography, izithombe, ukubukwa

Emlandweni ubuphekula isiRashiya ovelele kakhulu Andrey Ivanovich Zhelyabov ukuthi ezinye oshiseka wamavukelambuso - V I. Lenin - kuqhathaniswa ne Garibaldi futhi Robespierre. Ukuze siqonde Zhelyabova umgomo omkhulu kwaba akwazi ukuthethelela noma yikuphi izindlela ezisetshenziswa yokulithola. Kuyinto lo mgomo owawuqondene naye nozakwabo "injabulo abantu" ukuthi umelwe kahle awuqondakali kahle, kodwa okuyiwona ebesezilungele, ngaphandle kokungabaza, futhi ukuyochitha zabo, futhi igazi abanye '.

serf wesikole

Ikusasa amaphekula kwaqashwa wazalwa ngo 1851 emkhayeni serfs emzaneni Nikolayevka sifundazwe Tauride. Okusemqoka ukufunda nokubhala Andrew kancane bafunda kumkhulu wakhe Gavril Kalashnikov futhi ebhukwinitifundvo sokuqala asenza saba IHu. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi ukuthi kulendawo amakhosi asendulo kwakufanele nokuxhaphaza nabangenaluthando ngokuphelele, umnikazi walo wayeyindoda hhayi kuphela ngenhlonipho maqondana abalimi zabo, kodwa futhi umsekeli imfundo emphakathini. Ngo 1860, wanikeza ngezindleko Zhelyabova bakhe isifundo siqu oneminyaka engu-e esikoleni Kerch.

Thola ezweni utopia

Ngenxa ingqondo into eziyibonayo kanye nokuqinisela enviable Andrew iziqu sifo ngo-1869 nge nayo lendondo yesiliva ngonyaka ofanayo owaba umfundi we uMthetho Faculty of Novorossiysk University e-Odessa. Emuva eminyakeni esikoleni Zhelyabov bajwayelane imibono yezinguquko wamavukelambuso zomhlaba ziye zazithonya eqinile. I twist yokugcina engqondweni bakhe beza ngemva kokufunda Chernyshevsky "Yini?", Yikuphi kwakhiwa izinkolelo zalo ezibheke eceleni. I akubhala ke yena Zhelyabov.

Andrey, isithombe okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi, kamuva owakhumbula ukuthi phakathi abangane bakhe phakathi neminyaka yakhe umfundi, futhi wafuna kabusha izwe, yayikhona inkulumo imfashini kuleyo minyaka - ". Umlando ihamba kancane kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba push" Push waqala lapho nje kuvela ithuba, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-akazange anqikaze ukwethula ngokwami. ukunganeliseki Jikelele savusa ukubukwa olandelanayo ka omunye wothisha - UProfesa Valtazar Bogišić futhi Zhelyabov walibangisa aqondiswe ukusebenza umfundi wakhe. Yena neze kwaphoqa le ndaba, kodwa washiya University baxoshwa ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle.

umyeni ekhungathekile

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukwethulwa: "Angifuni ukuba ufunde, abafuna ukushada." Ukudalelwa futhi kwakukhona izindawo ezingconywana. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka umfundi, aminyene izifiso, kodwa akazange abe umphefumulo ngodenariyu, indodakazi wayichoboza sugar abacebile Yakhnenko - umnikazi amabhizinisi esifundazweni Kherson. Ngo-1872, umshado senzeka, futhi ngokushesha wazalwa yabo izibulo Andrew - indlalifa uyisemkhulu futhi inhloko-dolobha ekhazimulayo igama wamavukelambuso kayise.

Ukuba isihlobo elikhulu zomuntu ocebile futhi iyahlonishwa ezinjalo, Zhelyabov Andrey Ivanovich ngokushesha abuyiselwe kule nyuvesi, lapho afundela khona unyaka esingaphansi - ngokwanele nje ngaleso Directorate kwadingeka amandla ukuze uyenze ibe umsebenzi womphakathi, kubangelwa bonke imibono efanayo wamavukelambuso. Ngemva komunye ezibanjwayo washiya umkakhe, "elicwile ekusebenzelaneni ubandlululo wobunxiwankulu" futhi ungahlanganyeli imibono yakhe, waya Kiev.

Ukuqala imisebenzi wamavukelambuso

Kube Zhelyabov usungula uxhumano Abavukeli zendawo, futhi ikakhulukazi abaholi ukwenza ngaleso sikhathi inhlangano lulwimi zomthetho "Umphakathi." By the way, credit bakhe: Babelana nomkhaya wakhe, akazange azame ukusizakala imali nomalokazana yangaphambili, futhi wathola ukuziphilisa ngokunikeza izifundo ngasese.

Ngokushesha sekuyisikhathi iza, lapho isikhathi eside kangaka okulungiselelwe yena Zhelyabov. Andrey waqala umsebenzi wakhe wamavukelambuso, wabuyela e-1873 kuya e-Odessa, lapho aba khona ilungu kwesiyingi Narodniks, eliholwa V F. Volkovskim. Lapha washeshe wahileleka inkulumo-ze phakathi abasebenzi nezihlakaniphi. Abaningi ababekade benezici ithuba ulalele Andrei Ivanovich kuleyo minyaka, waphawula ubugagu bakhe obuhle khulu, okuyinto, kuhlangene charm siqu wasiza uwine Zhelyabov izilaleli.

Beboshwa futhi "uya abantu"

ngokushesha umsebenzi wakhe nokumela yaphela nge ukuboshwa, kodwa, njengoba esephumile ejele, wadedelwa ngebheyili. Esikhathini kusuka 1875 kuya 1877 Zhelyabov Andrey Ivanovich iba yilungu adumile "uya abantu", lapho amalungu asemancane amaqembu wamavukelambuso bathunyelwa emizaneni ukuqhuba tinhlelo tekufinyelela ebantfwini, phakathi abalimi ngomzamo ukukhulisa kubo ukulwela amalungelo abo omphakathi.

Nalapha ukubopha. Ngo-1877, iqembu elikhulu bagqugquzela populists phakathi kwabo kwakukhona Zhelyabov, bavele ngaphambi kweNkantolo yeMantshi e-St Petersburg, okuyinto ingenye abamangalelwa langena umlando ngokuthi "Inqubo eyodwa namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu." Ngisho ejele owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala, ehlangana labo esikhathini esizayo baba ahlanganyela nabo inhlangano yamaphekula. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka UZandile Perovskaya.

Ukudalwa "Narodnaya Volya"

Isiphetho nakulokhu kwaba ukuba Zhelyabov bangisekela - yena utholwe. Lapho ededelwa, waya Podolia, lapho baqhubeka nenkulumo-ze phakathi abalimi. Nokho, ngokushesha kakhulu kwaba kobuze okusobala zonke izinhlobo ezinjalo emzabalazweni, futhi efika esiphethweni sokuthi ubuphekula njengoba kuphela indlela ukufeza umgomo.

Ehlobo lika-1879 Lipetsk sashaya inhlangano wamavukelambuso 'Bona Izwe futhi Freedom ", okuyinto yaba ilungu Zhelyabov. Andrei Ivanovich wayengomunye walabo ngubani wayithukuthelisa yokuhlukanisa phakathi Abasekeli indlela enokuthula ngezinkathi zezinguquko kwezombusazwe futhi radicals, owabona ithemba kungenzeka ubudlova. Ngenxa yalokho, baba bahlukaniswa iqembu main, ngokwakha umbimbi akho, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Intando Yabantu". Zhelyabov waba omunye amalungu kunazo asebenzayo.

Ngaphansi wonke isakhiwo yayo yenhlangano sidalwe ubuholi oqondile, eyayihlanganisa ezindaweni eziningana, kuhlanganise isisebenzi, umfundi nezempi. Ngo imiyalo yakhe lokubulala inqwaba nezikhulu zasebukhosini bezigaba ezihlukahlukene. Wabuye wazakhela lwekusebenta sihlinzekela lapho kubhujiswa lesi autocracy, ukubiza yesimiso somhlangano abalekeleli ukudluliselwa komhlaba abalimi kanye nokusungulwa inkululeko kwezenhlalo. By endleleni, kusho amaphepha wenhlangano, ekuthatheni izintambo kwakudingekile kuphela ukudluliselwa abantu bayo. Kodwa lokho bangobani ngesikhathi kusho okufanayo - akucacile.

Azingela Umbusi

Zhelyabov Andrey Ivanovich, ogama biography buhlobene eduze Russian ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso, waba yinhloko yezizwe ukulungiswa eziningi imizamo on the uMbusi u-Alexander II, ubani leqembu lezidlamlilo eliholwa ke emhlanganweni wawo ngo-1879 enikwa isigwebo sokufa.

Eyokuqala yalezi kwazanywa ukubhodloza isitimela lwasebukhosini umzila kusuka laseKharkov eMoscow. Zhelyabov ngegama okungelona indlu eduze amathrekhi ujantshi ngasedolobheni Aleksandru mathupha olwenziwa emhubheni laying ezimayini. Ngaleso sikhathi ngengozi kwasindisa ukuphila yombusi - kuqhuma okwenzeka lapho ngezithako zawo iphelile leyingoti.

Ukubulawa kwenkosi - isibonakaliso uqale inguquko

Kuyaziwa ukuthi wayehlele lokubulala izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili yinkosi, nokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuqedwa yakhe ngokomzimba kuyoba detonator bokuvukela komphakathi kuwo wonke umbuso. Ngo ekuqhumeni intshiseko waze ukuya esifundazweni Samara ukuhola kwavukelwa ongumlimi khona. Wayengumuntu umhleli oyinhloko futhi ebulalayo kokubulawa u-Alexander II sika obenziwa Mashi 13 (okusha Style) Petersburg phezu yashayisa unqenqema we Griboyedov Canal. Zonke izinto athuthukile yena Zhelyabov ukuhlasela okuzayo kwamaphekula.

Andrey Ivanovich uqobo abazange bathathe ahlukane ke, ngoba ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba ngephutha Kuboshwe kwelinye izindlu eziphephile. Abaphathi ngokuqondile a kuhlasela amaphekula eyenziwa ezivamile-law umkakhe UZandile Perovskaya - indodakazi umbusi Petersburg omunye fighters kunezimpi ngokumelene autocracy. Emuva kokuthi eseboshiwe, Zhelyabov waphoqelela uhulumeni wakhe wathatha inombolo kokubulawa abadlali.

Esikhathini inkathi kwangaphambilini yeziboshwa, yayigcinwe endaweni le Trubetskoy nenqaba le nqaba. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala, wenqaba ummeli futhi wasebenzisa inkulumo yakhe ukwethula emphakathini uhlelo "Intando Yabantu". Ngokusho sinqumo, Zhelyabov kanye nabanye amaphekula ayekade walengiswa ku Semenov Square e Petersburg. Qaphela ukuthi lokhu kwaba wokugcina babulawelwe kuzo phambi komphakathi eRussia.

I nokunxusa ka 'ukholo revolution ubuso

Zhelyabov Andrey Ivanovich, Biography iDemo esanyatheliswa phesheya ungakapheli nonyaka ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, wayeyisibonelo esihle ukuthi liphefumulelwe Abavukeli eziningi ezalandela. Lokhu kwaba lula, ikakhulukazi, futhi ekuhlanganiseni kwaso ebanzi eshicilelwe Petersburg ngo 1906-1907. Umagazini "Isikhathi Esidlule."

Izinto iphephabhuku wakhonza njengephayona base umsebenzi ucwaningo mlando eziningi zaseSoviet, lapho, phakathi kwezinye amalungu "Narodnaya Volya" nesithakazelo ngokuyinhloko Zhelyabov. Andrey, ogama ukubukwa wawuyimbumba nge KwamaBolshevik amafilosofi e nenkathi yamaSoviet, uthethe indawo udumo kuleli kela 'ukholo namaqhawe inguquko.

Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi, wona kuhlelwe ukudala lesikhumbuzo ezinkulu Zhelyabov wenziwa ngaphansi project umqophi Korolev. Babezibone laqanjwa multi-sibalo, lapho eziqoshiwe yezigqila, ukudabuka iketango kufakwe kanye esifanekisweni imitha emine yama-wamavukelambuso. Ukuze lesikhumbuzo Kwakuhlelwe ukwakha isinyathelo ehlotshiswe eziyisithupha bas-imifanekiso izindikimba zomlando izinguquko kanye nombhalo othi "Zhelyabov Andrey Ivanovich (1851-1881)." Imininingwane ezase zibhaliwe kakade ezenziwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayeka, futhi niqhubeke kabusha.