Yiziphi hydrocarbon elimnandi: Formula izakhiwo

Cabanga hydrocarbon elimnandi. Ifomula abamele salolu chungechunge homologous - SpN2p-6.

Izici ekilasini

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ngu Faraday kwatholakala benzene - C6H6. Kuqhathaniswa hydrocarbon ayegcwele, amafomula isakhi hydrocarbon elimnandi ethulwa ngesimo izihibe. Njengoba sazi ukuthi e-molecule liqukethe isamba enganele hydrogen, kwakheka indandatho elimnandi is ngaphakathi esiyingini.

Indlela ashise hydrocarbon elimnandi? Ifomula ehlongozwayo ngu Kekule, uchaza isakhiwo saleli ekilasini lika-hydrocarbon. Ukuba khona izibopho kabili kuqinisekisa ubunjalo elimnandi we-benzene futhi homologs yayo.

chemical izakhiwo

Ifomula jikelele hydrocarbon elimnandi kusikisela ukuba khona kuzo zonke compounds of ekilasini kwalokho ukusabela: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration. Imiphumela zokuhlolwa eziningi zabonisa kancane benzene chemical umsebenzi.

Liveza ukumelana kwabaningi namachibi, okwazi uxhumano yelanga noma lokushisa ephakeme kuphela.

Izici isakhiwo benzene

Ifomula yamangqamuzana hydrocarbon elimnandi - C6H6. Zonke athomu carbon ku cp2-hybrid isimo, ahlelwe indiza eyodwa. Ngamunye wabo ingenye-non-hybrid C athomu, elihlanganiswa ibe ezivamile electron ifu ukuthi ihlala perpendicular indiza esiyingini. Lolu hlelo ring conjugated p-izibopho futhi inquma passivity chemical benzene.

American Chemical Pauling ezihlongozwayo benzene uthathwa njengoba izakhiwo ezimbili oxhumene ezingalingani thola electron ukuminyana, wedlula nomunye.

Ngesilwane esifuywayo futhi isomerism

Ungabonisa kanjani shayela Aromatics? Ifomula compounds okungokwendlela eziningi hydrocarbon elimnandi, kumelwe kuvumelane ohlongozwayo ukwakheka kwama-molecule. I homologue olula benzene kuyinto toluene. Umehluko phakathi kwaso elula hydrocarbon elimnandi kuyinto CH2.

Lapho igama bale ekilasini njengesisekelo ukuthatha benzene. I izinombolo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu carbon wenziwa ohlangothini ngokwewashi, kusukela ngaphezulu ukuze iphini abasebasha. Ngisho (2 no-6) ukuthola isikhundla Ortho-izikhundla, kanye 3 no-5 (lingalingani) embodiments meta.

Kwebalingisi izakhiwo ngokomzimba

Iziphi izici eziphathekayo: hydrocarbon elimnandi, okuhambelana ifomula ekilasini SpN2p-6?

Benzene futhi homologues eyayisondela ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kukhona uketshezi anobuthi ukuba iphunga ezingemnandi isici. Ukuze zonke enkundleni libhekene solubility ongaphakeme emanzini. Ngo amanani angenamkhawulo, zingabantu oncibilikayo ezihogelwayo.

kukho ngoba

Esimeni zezimboni samuntu umkhiqizo benzene nezinye abameleli besigaba ka hydrocarbon elimnandi, omunye ungase ucabangele ukucutshungulwa amalahle itiyela noma petroleum. Inguqulo zokwenziwa of kokuthola abameleli lesi sigaba ezahlukeneyo ezilandelayo:

• Cleavage kusukela cycloparaffins hydrogen molecule (amanzi emzimbeni);
• aromatization ka hydrocarbon elihlale (alkanes).

Bobabili indlela ehlongozwayo ukuguqulwa compounds of samuntu elimnandi, ezihilela ukusetshenziswa lokushisa eliphezulu kulethe.

Phakathi izindlela ezivamile yokuthola laboratory lamaNazaretha khona ingashiwo Wurtz zamagama. It libhekene nokuxhumana a alkane halogenated ne-sodium metallic.

Izici homologues ka-benzene

Toluene, lapho iqembu methyl likhona, bayongena zamakhemikhali kuka-benzene. Njengoba CH3 orientant uhlobo lokuqala likhona substituents uzobe ngamakhasimende Ortho (ngisho) tikhundla. Toluene uyakwazi halogenation (chlorination, bromination, iodination), kanye nitration.

isiphetho

Zonke hydrocarbon elimnandi elihambisana ifomula jikelele SpN2p-6. Phakathi omlilo of air-mpilo ezikhishwe Ubuningi obanele bama umule ukuthi kalula zachazwa yisigaba okuqukethwe lenyuke carbon kuwo.