Hydrocarbon elimnandi, abameleli main futhi isicelo sabo emnothweni kazwelonke.

hydrocarbon elimnandi (esibizwa ngenye lamaNazaretha) - biosoedineniya kukhona amangqamuzana angokwemvelo zazo ziqukethe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nowe-atom amancanyana eziyisithupha carbon. Benzene indandatho, libhekene izakhiwo ezikhethekile ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali. Igama elithi "Arena" kwahlanganiswa chemistry organic jikelele 18th ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Lezi izinto kuhlanganisiwe eyayihlanganisa ezimbili chemical compounds - hydrogen ne-carbon futhi kwadingeka wephunga elimnandi (inhlaka, balsams, kubalulekile amafutha, impepho). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igama elithi "hydrocarbon elimnandi" walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo, njengoba Aromatics wahlangana phakathi kwezinye amakilasi of organic compounds, futhi elimnandi kakhulu noma ube nephunga edabukisayo. Benzene ahlukanisa okokuqala ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kusukela igesi amalahle. A kamuva kancane (1845) AF Hoffman inike hydrocarbon elimnandi (benzene) kusuka amalahle yomsizi netiyela. Namuhla lamaNazaretha ekilasini (IUPAC ngezigaba) sihlanganisa compounds molecule osuselwe babe benzelnye core. Ngakho ukuthi compounds enjalo leyabantu olulodwa futhi multi-indandatho, kanye hydrocarbon elimnandi nge nuclei olujiyile.

Mononuclear enkundleni - kuyinto organic compounds aqukethe eyodwa benzene indandatho. Isakhiwo benzene molecule omele ejwayelekile lamaNazaretha ifomula Kekule kakhulu olukhonjiswa njengedifolthi umjikelezo eziyisithupha Carbo athomu, iziphi yanjalo zixhunywe elula C C C = C izibopho kabili. Lesi sakhiwo waqinisekiswa yesimanje physico-chemical ukuhlaziywa.

ukuqonda Kekule eziyisisekelo isakhiwo benzene yilezi: 1) has isakhiwo olunezinhlangothi benzene enophawu; 2) benzelnom indandatho Esti ezintathu ezilula futhi izibopho ezintathu double; 3) Zonke Carbo ama-athomu eziyisithupha phezu ring benzene ayalingana nomunye. Ifomula ikhombisa Ukwakheka zokucathula-benzene, kanye isilinganiso Carbo hydrogen ama-athomu e-molecule ngenxa yokuntula isomers monosubstituted ka-benzene nemikhiqizo.

hydrocarbon elimnandi abasakwazi okwandile ngokwemvelo. Ziyakwazi iyingxenye ebalulekile amalahle itiyela ukuthi etholakale ngemva ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezomile kwamalahle. Arena bayingxenye izinhlobo eziningi uwoyela neminye imikhiqizo yemvelo (inhlaka, balsams, njll). Phakathi ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezomile amalahle isilinganiso etholwe amathathu amaphesenti amalahle itiyela, noma amalahle yomsizi netiyela. Futhi kusukela amalahle itiyela ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu ibhalwe inombolo kwamafrakshini: amafutha ukukhanya (yakhiwa xylenes, toluene, benzene, thiophene), uwoyela carbolic (yakhiwa cresols, phenols futhi naphthalene), uwoyela creosote (equkethe naphthalene) uwoyela anthracene (iqukethe phenanthrene, anthracene futhi nezinye Arenas ngaphezulu), futhi iphimbo ukuthi isetshenziselwa izindlu komgwaqo futhi njengendlela material ukwakhiwa.

Ukusetshenziswa hydrocarbon elimnandi. Benzene elinesimo iphunga othize, cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini. Kuyinto kuphela kuhle biosoedineny organic. Umqondo kusuka amalahle yomsizi netiyela. Benzene - material oluyigugu iluhlaza ukwenziwa udayi, nemithi, iziqhumane, ukukhula plant abagqugquzeli, yokubulala ukhula, zinambuzane, njll

Toluene okubonakala kalula encibilikayo ezihogelwayo. Njengoba yenziwe kusukela amalahle itiyela, kanye amamaki ezithile uwoyela. Umqondo kusuka toluene benzene utshwala, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, udayi, nemithi, saccharin, trinitrotoluene.

Xylitol kuyinto kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ezinhle organic. Njengoba yenziwe kusukela uwoyela amalahle, kanye ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu amalahle yomsizi netiyela. Kusukela xylenes kwemiqondo anhydride phthalic, xylene, rayon polyester. Ngezinye izikhathi xylenes kunezelwa uphethiloli.