Glass. Ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa. Glass Melting iphuzu

Njengoba yezinto endala, ingilazi uye wasebenzisa abantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka, hhayi oyedwa kuphela. Ukuba yizinhlobonhlobo le nto wamvumela ukuba lisetshenziswe ezihlukahlukene izimboni. Physico-chemical izakhiwo ingilazi libhekisela compounds wezinto ezingaphili, kunzima, ine isakhiwo amorphous kuyinto isotropic.

Ukuze uhlobo ngalunye ingilazi yokukhiqiza inqubo ungachazwa ekuguqulweni isimo aggregation flowable, viscous kakhulu ifomu lwengilazi. Ukukhiqizwa technology inikeza ukupholisa ke ngesilinganiso okuyinto ayikuvumeli ukuhambisa e ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga isigaba crystallization.

Glass ukuncibilika lokushisa kuncike kwikhwalithi yaso kanye nokusebenza kulindeleke. Ngokuvamile, ukupheka luthatha kahle ububanzi ngokuya 300 kuya 2500 ° C lokushisa ububanzi. Izakhiwo yalolu ketshezi incike izingxenye kufakwe ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ingilazi-ukwakha. Loluhlu ngempela okukhulu imelelwa ezihlukahlukene oxides, phosphate, fluorides, nezinye izithasiselo. Kulesi zakudala, obala akuyona sici zokugcina ngenxa izinhlobo ezahlukene ingilazi ezenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi kuhlelwe umqondo ngokuhamba ukukhiqizwa.

Kusukela eminingi yasendulo ingilazi yezandla, sangomhla eminyaka ayisikhombisa BC, wahlangana archeologists wahlanganyela lapho kumbiwa ezweni lonke laseGibithe. Lawa kwakungamadodana ubuhlalu nezigqizo. Kodwa emva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kuze obhekwe izitshalo lokuqala izimboni, ingilazi izimboni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Isici zokukhiqiza ingilazi emashajini wukuthi iphuzu ukuncibilika ingilazi atholakala ngokusebenzisa amalahle, kanye encibilika boilers steel ivaliwe.

Ngaphambi kwalokho wasebenzisa uphethiloli ukhuni, workshop ingilazi-eside babesendaweni, esithandweni bahlakazeke, futhi nophethiloli kudliwe endaweni ngokushesha. I boilers ivulekile, izinkuni akusho ukukhulula izinto ezithinta ngale nombala nomkhiqizo umkhiqizo. Amazinga e-ingilazi ukuncibilika inqubo uhlobo safinyelela 1450 ° C.

Isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba kokusungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX ukukhiqizwa kwe flat ingilazi indlela, yaqanjwa nonjiniyela wayo Emilya Furko, ngubani ezihlongozwayo indlela umshini kwenzakalani. It esaba khona kuze 1959, kwathiwa lwaludlula by indlela iflothi, yinkampani "Pilkington".

Izingxenye ezisemqoka ingilazi kodokotela Silica isihlabathi isilinganiso 69-74%, soda (12-16%), limestone kanye dolomite (5-12%). Kodwa inqubo ukukhiqizwa ephawulekayo hhayi kuphela lokushisa lapho ingilazi Udambisa kodwa lapho Melt ukupholisa izinga. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi phezu Ukupholisa okusheshayo ingatholakala Vitreous nensimbi, isikhathi main kuphole ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ekwakhekeni crystal ngehele.

Lapho zonke ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo ezikhangayo ngengilazi ezivamile ngesikhathi kukhona isidingo esiphuthumayo material okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi engasindi esobala. Okokuqala, uye wathinta umkhakha, onguchwepheshe ukwakhiwa izindiza. Plexiglas lethiwa kuphela ifana ezingabalulekile ukuze ingilazi bendabuko.

Igalelo eyaba nalo ukumelana izikhathi eziyisihlanu ephakeme, kulula izikhathi 2.5. Njengoba isifinyelele ezingeni yokudlulisela ukukhanya 92%, it has a ukumelana ukuguga. lula kakhulu futhi ethengekayo plexiglass e ukucutshungulwa. Ukuma plexiglass luphakathi 90-105 degrees, evumela ukuba ukushisa ngayo.

Kodwa zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu sebelithathile zonke nasembonini zasemsebenzini namuhla. Traditional ingilazi wezinto ngokuqinile ophethe isikhundla salo futhi ngeke bathathe yakamuva polymers organic.

Ukusebenzisa spectrum ezibanzi ukungcola ahlukahlukene kanye izithasiselo ihlinzeka isimanga hhayi kuphela izici optical we ingilazi, kodwa futhi kakhulu ngcono izakhiwo zalo lokukhanda.

Ngaphezu izicelo ezimbonini, akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi indima art ingilazi. glassmakers Master, Ngokuqhubeka isiko abaculi lasendulo ukudala yobuciko ezenziwe ngengilazi ibe art yeqiniso. Ngo workshop yabo amaziko ingilazi ukuncibilika lokushisa kufinyelelwe, ukusebenza cishe isandla emsebenzini wakhe hhayi kuphela zinikeza umcabango emangalisayo, kodwa futhi bachitha nemali eningi umzamo.