Isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma ngokuningiliziwe

Amaseli izitshalo, isikhunta nezilwane aqukethe izingxenye ezintathu ezifana nucleus, cytoplasm nge elise therein futhi inclusions organelles futhi plasma ulwelwesi. Ikhenela unesibopho ukugcina nesidoda okunikelwe irekhodwe ku-DNA, futhi uphatha yonke izinqubo amaseli. I cytoplasm iqukethe organelles, ngalinye elikwazi inezici ayo, ezifana, isibonelo, izinhlelo zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo, emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula, iseli ukugaya, nokunye. D. A ingxenye yokugcina kuzoxoxwa kabanzi kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini ulwelwesi eziphilayo?

Ngamagama alula, kuba igobolondo. Nokho, akusiyo njalo kuyo ngokuphelele. Cishe njalo-ke kuvunyelwe izinto ezithile ezokuthutha ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi.

Ngo Cytology ulwelwesi zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala - kuyinto ulwelwesi plasma ihlanganisa cell. Esesibili - a organelles ulwelwesi. organelles Kukhona ukuthi unayo eyodwa noma ezimbili ulwelwesi. Ngu odnomembrannym zihlanganisa ama-apharathasi Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic, vacuoles, lysosomes. Ngu dvumembrannym eyakhe plastids futhi mitochondria.

Futhi, ulwelwesi kungaba kokubili ngaphakathi organelles. Ngokuvamile kuba ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi dvumembrannyh derivatives organelles.

kanjani dvumembrannyh ulwelwesi organelles?

Ngo plastids futhi mitochondria amagobolondo ezimbili. I yangaphandle ulwelwesi organelles kokubili bushelelezi, kodwa amafomu yangaphakathi kunesidingo ukuze kusebenze isakhiwo organelle.

Ngakho, igobolondo mitochondrial uye owangaphakathi projection - cristae noma emikhulu. Kubo futhi kukhona umjikelezo we zamakhemikhali ezidingekile cell kwezimila.

Ethathwe ulwelwesi engaphakathi chloroplast kukhona anezikhwama disk emise - thylakoids. Basuke eqoqwe izinqwaba - grana. Hlanganisa ubuso ngabanye oxhumene esebenzisa lamella - izakhiwo eside futhi akhiwa ulwelwesi.

Isakhiwo Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana organelles odnomembrannyh

Kulezi organelles, ulwelwesi wedwa. Kuyinto ngokuvamile imvilophi bushelelezi ehlanganisa lipids namaprotheni.

Izici isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma yeseli

Ulwelwesi siqukethe izinto ezifana lipids namaprotheni. Isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma inikeza Uhlonze lwalo ku 7-11 NM. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ulwelwesi lipids zimumethe.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma inikeza khona kuwo izingqimba ezimbili. Okokuqala - ungqimba double phospholipids, kanti eyesibili - amaprotheni ungqimba.

I lipids we ulwelwesi plasma

Lipids, eziyingxenye ulwelwesi plasma, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: steroid, sphingophospholipids futhi glycerophospholipids. engqamuzaneni yokugcina sakhiwa trihydric utshwala glycerol zinsalela, lapho ezimbili zama-athomu hydrogen amaqembu hydroxyl kuthiwa ukufaka endaweni nge okunamafutha acid ngamaketanga, kuyilapho wesithathu hydrogen athomu iqembu hydroxyl - wali band acid zinsalela, okuyinto yena, ijoyina amasalela omunye elisekela nitrogen.

Glycerophospholipids-molecule kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: inhloko kanye nomsila. ikhanda Hydrophilic (.. Okungukuthi, zingaxazululeki emanzini), kanye imisila - hydrophobic (they dudula amanzi, kodwa oncibilikayo ezihogelwayo). Ngenxa lesi sakhiwo kungenziwa ngokuthi glycerophospholipids-molecule amphiphilic, m. F., Futhi hydrophobic futhi hydrophilic kanyekanye.

Sphingophospholipids ezifanayo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali ukuze glycerophospholipids. Kodwa zehluke ngenhla ukuthi isakhiwo esikhundleni esele glycerol abe babutha utshwala sphingosine. molecule awo futhi kufanele amakhanda kanye imisila.

Isithombe esingezansi kuyabonakala isakhiwo umdwebo we ulwelwesi plasma.

Plasma ulwelwesi amaprotheni

Njengoba amaprotheni okuqondene isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma, kuba ikakhulukazi glycoproteins.

Kuye indawo igobolondo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: neuropathy ebalulekile. Eyokuqala - leyo phezu ulwelwesi, kanti eyesibili - yilawo zingene wonke ukushuba we igobolondo futhi ngaphakathi ungqimba lipid.

Kuye nemisebenzi eyenziwa amaprotheni, zingase zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane: enzyme, kwesakhiwo, ezokuthutha kanye yokwamukela.

Zonke amaprotheni atholakala kule nokwakheka ulwelwesi plasma akuyona amakhemikhali elihlobene ne phospholipids. Ngakho sebengakwazi ngokukhululekile base ungqimba ulwelwesi, ukuhlangana ngamaqembu, nokunye. D. Yingakho isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma lamaseli akakwazi ngokuthi static. Kuyinto linamandla njengoMthombo sishintsha njalo.

Yiphi indima ulwelwesi cell?

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi plasma kuyivumela ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi emihlanu.

Esokuqala futhi main - ukuncisha cytoplasm. Nale iseli has simise njalo kanye nosayizi. Ukubulawa lo msebenzi bunikezwa yokuthi ulwelwesi plasma oqinile futhi nokunwebeka.

Eyesibili indima - ukuhlinzeka cell-cell oxhumana. Ngenxa ivumelana nezimo ulwelwesi plasma lamaseli isilwane ungakheka protuberances futhi emphethweni at nezihlanganiso zazo.

Umsebenzi esilandelayo ulwelwesi cell - ezokuthutha. It kuqinisekiswa amaprotheni ekhethekile. Siyabonga kubo, ketshezi oyifunayo kungenziwa athuthwe esitokisini futhi udoti - ilahlwe ke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwelwesi plasma yenza umsebenzi enzymatic. Iphinde eyenziwa sibonga amaprotheni.

Futhi umsebenzi wokugcina - alamu. Ngenxa yokuthi amaprotheni bavezwa izimo ezithile zingashintsha isakhiwo sabo kwendawo, ulwelwesi plasma lamaseli angathumela amasignali.

Manje uyazi konke nolwelwesi: Iyini biology ulwelwesi, ukuthi ziyini, ukuthi ukwakha kanjani ulwelwesi plasma bese ulwelwesi organelles, okuyinto isebenta abasenzela.