I chemical izakhiwo tungsten. Izici and izicelo of tungsten

Tungsten - liyisici kwamakhemikhali ishadi lesikhathi, elingelakwaJuda Iqembu VI. Emvelweni tungsten kwenzeka njengoba inhlanganisela isotopes ezinhlanu. Ngendlela evamile futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kuba metal umbala esiqinile esiliva-grey. Iphinde iyona refractory kunazo zonke izinsimbi.

izakhiwo Basic of tungsten

Tungsten - metal kokuba izakhiwo emangalisayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Cishe wonke amagatsha ukukhiqizwa yesimanje isetshenziswa tungsten. Ifomula ngokuvamile lubonakaliswa njengoba oxide metal namagama - Wo _3. Tungsten iyona metal refractory kakhulu. Kusolwa ukuthi seaborgium kuphela kungaba tugoplavok nakakhulu. Kodwa uma nje asikwazi wagomela, njengoba seaborgium has a lifetime kufushane kakhulu.

Lokhu metal has a izakhiwo ezithile ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Tungsten lunesibalo ka 19300 kg / m ^3, ukuncibilika lokushisa salo 3410 ° C. Ngalokhu ipharamitha kuba yesibili kuphela carbon - graphite noma idayimane. Emvelweni tungsten kwenzeka njengoba isotopes ezinhlanu esitebeleni. izinombolo zabo mass basukela 180 186. Tungsten has a Valence imizuzu 6, kanye compounds of kungase 0, 2, 3, 4 no 5. metal Ubuye ezingeni ngokwanele eliphezulu conductivity ezishisayo. Ukuze tungsten bangamaphesenti 163 W / (m * deg). Ngokusho lokhu impahla, ngisho idlula yingxube njenge-aluminium. tungsten IMisa ngenxa kwabantu bayo okuyinto ilingana 19kg / m ^3. I degree of namachibi of tungsten zokhahlamba kusuka +2 kuya +6. metal anezakhi esidi, bese ephansi ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu of namachibi ayo - eziyisisekelo.

Ngakho Alloys letincane tungsten compounds ezibhekwa engazinzile. I ukumelana kunazo ayizakhi kokuba ngezinga elithile eziyisithupha. Bona abonise sezindawo isici kakhulu futhi amakhemikhali metal. Tungsten ivame ukuba kalula ukwakha izakhiwo. Kodwa tungsten metal ngokuvamile ukumelana kakhulu. It uqala ukuhlanganyela umoya-mpilo kuphela ezingeni lokushisa +400 ° C. Eheleni crystal of tungsten iphathelene uhlobo cubic umzimba ofiphele.

Ukuxoxa namanye amakhemikhali

Uma tungsten ixubene a sasekhaya ezomile, kwakwakhe ingatholakala ngaphansi kwegama "hexafluoride", okuyinto liyancibilika ezingeni lokushisa 2,5 ° C namathumba at 19,5 ° C. A impahla efana eyatholakala lapho kwakwakhe of tungsten chlorine. Kodwa lesi simo sidinga lokushisa kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu - mayelana 600 ° C. Nokho, ikhemikhali umelana kalula isinyathelo okubhubhisa amanzi cishe hhayi okubeka ukushintsha emakhazeni. Tungsten - metal, engesiyo ngaphandle oksijini ukuphendula ukhiqiza nokonakala e alkalis. Nokho, it is kalula ziyoncibilika nenye HNO ₃ futhi hf. Iningi ezinkulu chemical compounds of tungsten - kuyinto trioxide yayo Wo _3, H ₂ Wo ₄ - tungstic acid nemikhiqizo yalo - tungstates nosawoti.

Omunye ungase ucabangele ezinye izindawo amakhemikhali tungsten asabela zibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ifomula Wo ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ O. It is wasimama oxide tungsten metal ububonisa impahla yayo ukuze uxhumane ne-hydrogen. Lokhu kwesibalo ibonisa inqubo yokuthola ke kusukela tungsten trioxide. Ukulandela ifomula lisho isakhiwo ezifana tungsten insolubility okungokoqobo acid: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Omunye izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu eliqukethe tungsten carbonyl kubhekwe. Therefrom futhi wamukele obukhulu ultrathin enamathela of tungsten okumsulwa.

Umlando yokutholakala

Tungsten - metal ukuthi uthola igama layo olimini Latin. Ehunyushiwe kusho "froth impisi sika". Leli gama engavamile wabonakala ngenxa ukuziphatha metal. Elikulesi sihloko misela ore ithini tungsten tin liphazamisa Ukukhetha. Ngenxa-ke enqubeni yokuncibilikisa slag kwakhiwa kuphela. Lokhu sensimbi wathi "odla tin like a impisi ukudla izimvu." Abaningi bayazibuza ngubani wathola chemical isici tungsten?

Lokhu okutholwe ososayensi senziwa kanyekanye ezindaweni ezimbili ososayensi ezahlukene, ngayodwana. Ngo-1781 lapho umthaki wemithi Scheele yaseSweden wathola okuthiwa "itshe elisindayo", ucwaningo nge nitric acid kanye scheelite. Ngo 1783, abafowethu bamakhemikhali igama Spain, Eluard futhi wabika ngokutholakala kwama-isici esisha. Okuningi ngokunembile, baye wavula tungsten oxide ziyoncibilika ammonia.

I Alloys nezinye izinsimbi

Okwamanje ukuhlukanisa owodwa esigabeni futhi multi-Isigaba tungsten Alloys. Ziqukethe izakhi eyodwa noma ezengeziwe zakwamanye amazwe. kwakwakhe eyaziwa kakhulu - kuyinto ingxubevange of tungsten kanye molybdenum. Ukungeza molybdenum tungsten odlulisela amandla ngaphansi ukungezwani. Futhi esigabeni esisodwa isigaba tungsten Alloys eyakhe compounds titanium, hafnium, zirconium. I plasticity enkulu of tungsten enamathiselwe rhenium. Nokho, umkhuba sisebenzise ingxubevange - inqubo sasivumela isikhathi, njengoba Rhenium kunzima kakhulu ukuthola.

Njengoba tungsten ingenye izinto refractory eziningi, ethola tungsten Alloys - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Uma lokhu sensimbi usanda ubilise, abanye bathuthela esimweni liquid noma igesi kakade. Kodwa ososayensi yesimanje bayakwazi ukuthola Alloys esebenzisa electrolysis. Alloys equkethe tungsten nickel futhi ayibe, asetshenziselwa sokusebenzisa ungqimba zokuzivikela ezintweni ethambile.

Ngo yokusansimbi umkhakha yesimanje futhi uzilungiselele Alloys usebenzisa tungsten powder. Ukwakha izimo ezikhethekile ezidingekayo, kuhlanganise kudalwa indawo cleaner. Ngoba ezinye izici tungsten nokuxhumana nezinye izakhi steelmakers uncamela Alloys musa ukudala izici ezimbili-isigaba, futhi usebenzisa 3, 4 noma ngaphezulu yezingxenye. Lezi Alloys okuhlala ikakhulukazi, kodwa kucace ukuhambisana amafomula. Ngesikhathi ukuphambuka iphesenti kancane izingxenye ingxubevange ungavula ziyaqothuka futhi yaphela indaba yalo.

Tungsten - isici, okuyinto esetshenziswa ubuciko

Kule metal wenza intambo ama abavamile. Futhi, zama-X ray tube apharathasi anabamemezeli esithandweni cleaner ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. Steel, okubandakanya tungsten has a ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu amandla. Alloys ezinjalo zisetshenziswa womshini amathuluzi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: I-imishini, imithi, ubunjiniyela.

Inzuzo main zezakhi, futhi tungsten steel - ukugqoka ukumelana umonakalo unlikelihood. Lesi sakhiwo edume kakhulu ingxubevange tungsten ibizwa ngokuthi "ukunqoba." Futhi lesi sici is kabanzi embonini zamakhemikhali. Nge kwalokho wadala yayo upende zombala. Ikakhulukazi kabanzi kulo mkhakha etholwe tungsten oxide 6. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa of tungsten carbides futhi halides. Enye igama le nto - trioxide tungsten. 6 Tungsten oxide isetshenziswa njengophawu sombala ophuzi e upende ukuze zobumba kanye nemikhiqizo ingilazi.

Yiziphi izinsimbi ezisindayo?

Zonke Alloys tungsten ezisekelwe okuyinto abe okusezingeni eliphezulu kwabantu Inkomba, okuthiwa ezisindayo. Lakhicitwe kuphela izindlela powder yokusansimbi. Tungsten kuhlale isisekelo ingxubevange esindayo, lapho okuqukethwe lingafika ku-98%. Futhi lokhu metal sengezwe izinsimbi ezisindayo nickel, ithusi nensimbi. Nokho, bakwazi ukungena futhi-chrome, isiliva, ayibe, molybdenum. Ukuthandwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala Alloys yesikhashana yokuhlala (tungsten - nickel - yensimbi) kanye XIP (tungsten - nickel - zethusi). Izinga eliphansi kwabantu kulezi Alloys evumela ukuba zikwazi esiyingozi gamma ngemisebe. Kulezi flywheels zenziwa kwamasondo, oxhumana kagesi, rotors ngoba gyroscope.

tungsten Carbide

Cishe ingxenye tungsten esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa izinsimbi eziqinile, Carbide ikakhulukazi Tungsten, okuyinto has a lokushisa ukuncibilika 2770 C. Tungsten Carbide kuyinto ekhuthaza kwamakhemikhali, equkethe inani elifanayo zama-athomu carbon futhi tungsten. Lokhu ingxubevange has ethize chemical izakhiwo. Tungsten ulunika amandla kangangokuthi sidlula lesi steel inkomba kabili.

Tungsten Carbide isetshenziswa kabanzi umkhakha. Ngoba ekhiqizwa ahlabayo izinto ukuba ukumelana kakhulu okushisa aphezulu nemihuzuko. Futhi ngenxa lesi sici senziwa:

• Aircraft izingxenye, ezinjinini zezimoto.
• Imininingwane ye-mkhathi.
• amathuluzi Medical kuhlinzwa, ezisetshenziswa ukuhlinzwa kwamathumbu. Amathuluzi anjalo ezibizayo kunensimbi zokwelapha ezivamile, kodwa ikhiqize kakhudlwana.
• Ubucwebe, ikakhulukazi Engagement izindandatho. ithandwa kangaka tungsten exhumene amandla awo, ngokuba umbhangqwana oshadile elifanekisela ubudlelwano amandla, kanye ukubukeka. Izici iphucuziwe tungsten efomini kangangokuthi isikhathi eside kakhulu kulondoloza esibukweni, ukubukeka shiny.
• Amabhola for ibhola-iphuzu izibaya okunethezeka.

Win - tungsten ingxubevange

Cishe ngo-engxenyeni 1920 yesibili, emazweni amaningi aseqalile Alloys okukhiqizwayo amathuluzi, okuyizinto ezilungiselelwe tungsten Carbide futhi ayibe metal ukusika. EJalimane, i-ingxubevange ezinjalo ngokuthi Vidya, e-United States - Karbolit. ESoviet Union, i ingxubevange enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi "ukunqoba." Lezi Alloys ayemahle kakhulu ekwelapheni imikhiqizo cast iron. Win kuyinto ingxubevange Ceramic-metal ne-ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu zokuphepha. Wenziwe ngendlela zezinhlangothi ezihlukile nobukhulu.

Pobedita yokukhiqiza inqubo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: thatha tungsten Carbide powder, okucolekile nickel noma ayibe, futhi konke exubile bese sicindezelwe ngazo isikhunta ekhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ipuleti ecindezelwe ngaphansi okunye ukwelashwa ukushisa. Lokhu kunikeza ingxubevange kanzima kakhulu. Lezi zingqimba hhayi kuphela esetshenziselwa ahlabayo cast iron, kodwa futhi womshini sokuprakthiza amathuluzi. Plates ka pobedita soldered ku imishini imishini usebenzisa zethusi.

Lizinga of tungsten ngokwemvelo

Lokhu metal kuyinto ukusabalala okuncane kakhulu imvelo. Ngemva zonke izakhi 57 kuthatha indawo futhi samanje njengoba Clark tungsten. Futhi, metal amaminerali - scheelite futhi wolframite. Tungsten ayahamba emanzini angaphansi komhlaba noma njengoba ion okwakho noma ngesimo compounds ahlukahlukene. Kodwa emakamu ngobukhulu azinakwa e komhlaba. Kuyinto ambalwa mg / l kanye cishe akashintshi chemical yabo izakhiwo. Tungsten kungabuye ezikhishwe emizimbeni amanzi zemvelo ezitshalweni anokungcola nezimboni.

Umthelela emzimbeni womuntu

Tungsten neze iza mbeni amanzi noma ukudla. Kungase kube ingozi lapho ephefumula of tungsten izinhlayiya kanye emoyeni emsebenzini. Nokho, naphezu okuqondene isigaba of izinsimbi ezisindayo, tungsten akunakudluliswa anobuthi. Tungsten ubuthi zenzeka kuphela labo axhunyiwe ekukhiqizeni tungsten. I degree of umphumela metal emzimbeni kungaba ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-tungsten powder, tungsten Carbide, futhi into ezifana anhydrite tungstic acid, kungabangela ukulimala wamaphaphu. Izimpawu zayo eziyinhloko - umkhuhlane, imfiva. kuphakama Izimpawu eziningi ezinzima lapho anobuthi tungsten Alloys. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-ephefumula ngothuli Alloys futhi kuholela ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, cystic yamaphaphu.

tungsten Metallic, ewela ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu, akuyona ugxile emathunjini kancane kancane ukuboniswa. Kwangathi ukumela okukhulu ingozi tungsten compounds okuqondene encibilikayo. Basuke zibekwe ubende, amathambo kanye isikhumba. ephuza of tungsten compounds singenzeka izimpawu ezifana izinzipho ziyaqothuka, isikhumba uyaxebuka, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba dermatitis.

Izitoke of tungsten emazweni ahlukahlukene

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke i-tungsten imithombo eRussia, Canada ne China. Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi endaweni yasekhaya elise amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 943 yalesi metal. Uma sikholwa lezi izilinganiso, iningi izinqolobane elise Wik eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Kuncane kakhulu imithombo ingxenyenamba eyaziwa - kuba% mayelana 7 kuphela.

Ngenani ezifakwa bokuthi tungsten eRussia yesibili kuphela China. Iningi lazo zitholakala ezindaweni Kabardino-Balkaria kanye Buryatia. Kodwa kula masimu hhayi kukhiqizwa tungsten okumsulwa kanye nsimbi yayo futhi equkethe molybdenum, igolide, i-bismuth tellurium, scandium, kanye nezinye izinto. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu umthamo tungsten okuholela uhlole imithombo limbozwe imikhando refractory, lapho main volframosoderzhaschim amaminerali kuyinto scheelite. I share legkoobogatimyh ore-akhawunti kuphela ingxenye yesithathu ukukhiqizwa. Izimpawu tungsten ekhiqizwa eRussia ingaphansi kwe phesheya. Imikhando aqukethe amaphesenti enkulu trioxide tungsten. ERussia, ambalwa kakhulu anesihlabathi metal imali. Tungsten Sands nazo izinga abampofu eziningi oxides.

Tungsten emnothweni

ukukhiqizwa tungsten Global eqala ukukhuluphala kusuka mayelana 2009, lapho ngiqala alulame umkhakha Asian. Umkhiqizi elikhulu tungsten kuyinto China. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2013 i-share yokukhiqiza kulelizwe zaba 81% ukunikezela emhlabeni. Mayelana 12% yokuthi ifunwa kakhulu kwamanye tungsten elihlobene ne ukukhiqizwa ukukhanyisa zalapho. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa tungsten kule ndawo kuzoncishiswa ngesikhatsi ukwelashwa kanye nezibani LED futhi Fluorescent imvelo zasekhaya nasemsebenzini.

Kukholakala ukuthi kuyoba elandayo ukufunwa tungsten ekukhiqizeni zikagesi. High bafake ukumelana tungsten nekhono layo ukulondoloza ugesi wenze lokhu kwensimbi efaneleka kakhulu yokwenza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla nabalawuli. Nokho, ngokulandela isidingo namanje mncane impela, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2018 ngeke sikhule ngo-% 2 kuphela. Nokho, ngokuvumelana Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kumele kwenzeke funa kwandisa Carbide waqinisa. Lokhu kungenxa ukukhula ukukhiqizwa yezimoto e-US, i-China, i-Yurophu nokwanda embonini yezimayini. Kukholakala ukuthi ngo-2018, ukufunwa tungsten kuzokwanda 3.6%.