Yini izidakamizwa kungaba: amakilasi, izici, izakhiwo. Izakhiwo we ketshezi

Phakathi sciences eziyisisekelo-chemistry iyisifunda bolwazi lwabantu, okuyinto etadisha ukwakheka kanye izici ezibangela, kanye kugucuka zabo bobabili. Omunye wemibuzo emaphakathi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kungaba kanje: yiziphi amakilasi izidakamizwa? izigaba ezikhethekile isayensi, ezifana, amakhemikhali wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic, ikakhulu uma ucabangela isakhiwo nezakhiwo zezakhi, futhi ukudalula ukubaluleka kwabo okuwusizo.

Uyini ikhemikhali ngendlela yokuhlukanisa komzimba futhi izinto, okuyinto ezihlukahlukene izinto - zale mibuzo kanye neminye liyombozwa nathi kulo msebenzi.

Umqondo oyisisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Kuwo wonke igatsha ulwazi lomuntu lulinganiselwe ukhiye - wemiqondo eyisisekelo kanye imiqondo, ayeba zonke sezigidigidi usinamathelise yesayensi. Zezibalo - inombolo izinhlelo - idatha Abstraction. I ikhemikhali usesikhundleni central - uhlobo daba, okuyizinto amayunithi kwesakhiwo sama-athomu, amangqamuzana omoya noma ion. Ukuhlanganisa e inhlanganisela ahlukahlukene, akha isamba kumnandi compounds ahlukahlukene kokuba chemical ezahlukene kanye ngokomzimba izakhiwo ketshezi.

Indaba umzimba futhi

Kususelwa izethulo isimo wokuhlanganisa, kungenzeka ukuthi liyini impahla ngokwemvelo: okuqinile, uketshezi noma gaseous. Ukuhlela crystal ngehele amayunithi isakhi chemical compounds kwakhiwa umzimba. Izinto okuyinto izinhlayiya (ama-athomu, amangqamuzana omoya noma ion) ezisetshenziswa indoda ukuthola izidingo eziqondene nayo kanye nezidingo, ngokuthi izithombe. Ngokwesibonelo, usimende, ingilazi - ke akunikezi inani langempela, nezinkuni, isihlabathi, egwadle - material yemvelo.

Kuyini into emsulwa

Ngo-chemistry, ukuhlukanisa phakathi izinto ngabanye kanye Izingxube. Lesi sakamuva emvelweni by oda eziningana sezingeni elikhulu: amanzi olwandle, igazi, ubisi, amatshe, umoya esiwuphefumulayo - kuba inhlanganisela compounds eziningana. Jwayelana izinto qwa ngendlela ejwayelekile esikoleni i-chemistry lab. Reagents kuwo anikezwa kuye ngezinga of msulwa. Ngakho, amafomu okumsulwa ikakhulukazi le ingxenyenamba mass ukungcola lingaphansi kuka 0,0001%, kodwa okusezingeni eliphezulu izimboni nobuchwepheshe ezifana Microelectronics, amarobhothi, imboni Aerospace, ngezinga eliphezulu of msulwa enganele.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Semiconductors 10 milliardov ama-athomu germanium uvunyelwe kungekho athomu ezingaphezu kweyodwa ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka. Ukuhlola ukuthi yimaphi ama kungukuqiniseka ubumsulwa, wasebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo yesimanje of ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali, njengoba kuhlakazeka solubilization nokwelashwa Colloid-amakhemikhali. Ngemva kokukhululwa kusuke amanyela yawo yamakhemikhali futhi izakhiwo ngokomzimba we ndaba ahlukile.

i-chemistry ulimi

Zokuba isayensi ngqo, isebenzisa nomqondo ndaba, i-chemistry isebenzisa izimpawu izakhi. Zibonisa indlela yokwakheka qualitative ambalwa zishintshe. Ngakho, ekutholweni organic compounds of amafomula liqukethe ongakhetha eziningana, njengemoto elibona nxazonke ifomula jikelele, ngokuvumelana yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo imikhiqizo amandla omlilo.

Compounds of elula eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuqhubeka ucinge impendulo yombuzo othi, yini izidakamizwa, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula omunye ngeengaba eqala ukutadisha izifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali - the division zibe izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Eyokuqala ukubunjwa yayo aqukethe athomu isici chemical eyodwa nje kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, umoya - O _2, nesibabule - S, i-calcium - CA. Abanye, ngokuthi zezakhi ezingaphezu zenziwe ngama-athomu amabili (izinto kanambambili H ₂ O, CUS) noma izakhi zamakhemikhali ezingaphezu. Ngokwesibonelo, Na ₂ CO _3, Ba (OH) _2. izinto ezilula, esikhundleni salokho, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo ngokuyinhloko ezinezici ezifana izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Izinto "izinsimbi" kukhona kalula liyabonakala by isici sheen silvery, zingabantu babashayeli olukhulu ukushisa kanye nogesi, njengoba noma zidlulisele uhlobo lokuqala. Non-insimbi lokunqoba amacala dielectrics. Futhi babashayeli abampofu ngenxa yokushisa nokungcola. Nokho, lokhu sigaba izinto ezingafanele. Kusukela phakathi izinsimbi kanye nonmetals kunzima ukudweba umehluko ocacile. Ngokwesibonelo, germanium, graphite, kabanzi ubunjiniyela kagesi, ezihlobene ze-non-izinsimbi.

Kuqala amakilasi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi

Systematizing ulwazi echaza nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali nezingokwenyama ketshezi, ososayensi ihlukaniswe wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic compounds ku amakilasi. Oxides, acid, nosawoti lezisekelo kufundvwe ngokuningiliziwe kwamakhemikhali amakilasi 7 - 9 amakilasi kanye amakilasi izinto eziningi eziphilayo (hydrocarbon, alcohols, aldehydes) yethulwe zingene hlelo ngo-10 - esikoleni 11.

Ucwaningo amakilasi chemical uyanda khathizwe womuntu, Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe nakho bomhlaba wangempela, esakhiwa okunhlobonhlobo izinto. Ngakho, lapho sicabangela oxides, sifunda ukungacabangi nje kuphela ngalokho okwenzekayo kule ketshezi ekilasini ezakhiweni zabo ezingokwenyama noma amakhemikhali, kodwa futhi ukuba bajwayelane ukusabalala oxides ngokwemvelo, kanye nokuchaza ukusetshenziswa kwabo umkhakha nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngakho, i-silicon oxide Sio ₂ liyingxenye isihlabathi, ubumba, egwadle, asebenza ngebhethri, obumba lithosphere Zomhlaba.

Kuyinto impahla ebalulekile zokusetshenziswa for the zokwakha umkhakha, enkulu ekwakhekeni ingilazi, usimende, izitsha zobumba. Iron oxides Feo, Fe ₂ O _3, Fe ₃ O ₄ izingxenye eziyisisekelo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba nsimbi akha emkhakheni, isib, Krivoy rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. Isibhakabhaka is kabanzi inikezwe njengoba carbon oxides, ikakhulukazi isikhutha nitrogen oxides.

Salt - isigaba ebanzi kakhulu amakhemikhali

Siye sacabangela izici oxide - compounds kanambambili nge-oksijini ezisansimbi futhi okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Manje sicabanga omunye amakilasi elikhulu izinto wezinto ezingaphili - nosawoti. izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama zichazwe nge eheleni ionic. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko ikhono ukuqhuba zamanje kagesi kokubili izixazululo futhi ezibunjiwe, futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuncibilika lokushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, usawoti ovamile uwukuthi elilingana 801 ° C, baye calcium silicate - 1544 ° C.

Zikasawoti iqhaza yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezisansimbi, alkalis, acid, futhi kungaba isixazululo basabela nomunye, uhlanganyela ukusabela exchange. Chemistry uhlola hhayi kuphela ukuthi yini into zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba yayo izakhiwo, kodwa futhi uyayiqaphela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo izimboni, ezolimo kanye nasemakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sodium chloride, esetshenziswa kithi ukuze amanzi okugqumisa ukudla kuyinto impahla eluhlaza ngokukhiqiza multi-ton hydrochloric acid, soda, chlorine. potassium nosawoti, isib, chloride, nitrate kanye sulfate, kukhona umquba amaminerali ezithuthukisa isivuno. Calcium carbonate amelwe nemvelo, evame ukusetshenziswa ukwakhiwa.

Izakhiwo izinto psychotropic

kwakwakhe ezivamile noma eyayenziwe kwemiqondo ezinomthelela kokubili ezingxenyeni isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kanye neuropathy ingxenye okuthiwa into noma neuroleptics. Ngokugxila kulokho izakhiwo engemihle futhi ikhono lazo ukuze zenze ukuba kunyuke ubuhlobo nabanye abantu, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi "izidakamizwa." Ukuze sicacise umthelela izinto psychotropic ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa ngokuvamile, sikhumbula ukuthi compounds salolu chungechunge Nobabili ukuthuthukisa izinga ukudluliswa excitation kuya asebuchosheni nomgogodla, futhi kuthiye ukusebenza kwe-sonke isimiso sezinzwa.

Ziyakwazi stimulators eqondile izinhlobo ezahlukene receptor: ubuhlungu, sokuzwa, ezibukwayo, ethintekayo. Lokhu kungenza umuntu isimo ekhethekile ukwazi, ngokuthi ushintsho. Kuyaziwa izidakamizwa ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo nge ethambile isinyathelo umphumela emzimbeni womuntu. Atholakala zekhofi, amaqabunga tea, izithelo amakinati.

Ngokwanele imiphumela evelele anobuthi babe ejwayelekile ye-nicotine, ibotenic acid eziqukethwe akhiphe isikhunta elimazayo. imithi Abaningi ubuhlungu elisetshenziswa izinzwa, ezifana morphine, Codeine, ephedrine, yenziwa ngamakhambi. Futhi anamandla compounds ingqondo. Kuwa, okuholela futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe umzimba womuntu yizidakamizwa semi zokwenziwa zokwenziwa antipsychotic: amphetamine, i-heroin, i-LSD. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa psychotropic lilawulwa, futhi uhlelo lusebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa esiyisibopho udokotela.

Into nge izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele

Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto zamakhemikhali kungenziwa okuthiwa lezo abe, izakhiwo ezithile ezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, metal ductile kakhulu ezintweni zemvelo ubhekwa igolide, izidakamizwa amnandi kakhulu - -L-α-aminomalonic acid -aspargil. He is izikhathi 40 000 imnandi kunezinyosi etafuleni ushukela. Kodwa umbuzo yini izidakamizwa has iphunga fetid, akukho impendulo eyodwa njengoba inombolo mercury-sulphur compounds ne jikelele ifomula RSH, ngokuthi mercaptans, nephunga ezinjengendle. Basuke abiwa inqubo ukubola efile udaba eziphilayo ekhona indle izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, naphakathi ngisho ingxenye nezindlala odoriferous kwezinye izilwane, ezifana skunk.

Njengoba ubona, izwe izinto omkhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo, kanye ne-chemistry - isayensi evumela ukuba sitadishe isakhiwo sabo, izakhiwo kanye ukubaluleka ekuphileni kobuntu.