Amaprotheni: indima begazi. Iqhaza begazi amaprotheni emzimbeni

Amaprotheni, indima begazi iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo namuhla - esakhiwe compounds ephezulu yamangqamuzana amino acid. Phakathi kwawo wonke amanye organic compounds, ziphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu isakhiwo sabo. Ngu zokucathula Ukwakheka amaprotheni zihluke amafutha kanye carbohydrate: ngaphezu umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen ne-carbon aqukethe nitrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyingxenye esisemqoka amaprotheni ngowokuthi nesibabule, futhi eminye inezingxenye iodine, nensimbi ne phosphorus.

Iqhaza begazi amaprotheni eliphezulu kakhulu. Kuyinto lokhu kuxhuma zakha ingxenye enkulu nenqwaba protoplasm, futhi nuclei ngamangqamuzana aphilayo. Zonke izilwane nezitshalo eziphilayo ngamaphrotheni.

Omunye noma imisebenzi eminingana

Iqhaza begazi nemisebenzi compounds ezahlukene zalo zihlukile. Njengoba into kokuba chemical isakhiwo ethile, amaprotheni ngamunye wenza umsebenzi ezikhethekile kakhulu. Kuphela kwezinye izimo ezingenza ezihlobene eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, epinephrine, okuyinto ikhiqizwa medulla adrenal, ngokufaka igazi, kwandisa umfutho wegazi kanye nowe-oxygen ukusetshenziswa, ushukela egazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ivuselela lokugayeka kokudla, kuyilapho izilwane nongenanembeza - futhi umlamuleli isimiso sezinzwa. Njengoba ubona, ke wenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

I enzymatic (okhanda amanye amathuba) umsebenzi

Multiple ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka eziphilayo, abazenzi ngaphansi kwezimo imnene, izinga lokushisa iseduze 40 ° C ngaphansi kwazo, futhi pH cishe hlangothi. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isilinganiso azinakwa nesenzakalo kwabaningi babo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kugcwaliseke, sidinga enzyme - ethize yelikhono begazi. Cishe zonke ukusabela, ngaphandle photolysis yamanzi eziphilayo kuthiwa catalyzed ngu enzyme ke. Lezo zinto kungaba amaprotheni noma amaprotheni izakhiwo kanye cofactor (i-molecule organic noma ion metal). Enzyme kukhona abakhethayo kakhulu nokucupha inqubo kudingekile. Ngakho, umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba, ezichazwe ngenhla, - omunye walabo abahlebayo amaprotheni. Iqhaza begazi lezi zakhi Nokho, kusebenta kwaso akugcini. Kukhona nezinye izici eziningi okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

ukusebenza kwezithuthi

Ngoba khona kanye ukuphila amaseli kudinga ukuthi sebuningini izinto ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe lalo, okunikeza ngayo amandla nezinto zokwakha. Zonke ulwelwesi begazi bakhelwe phezu isimiso ezivamile. Lesi sendlalelo kabili lipids, amaphrotheni ngomkhumbi kuwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukugxila hydrophilic macromolecules amasayithi phezu ulwelwesi nasesikhathini ukushuba yabo - "imisila" hydrophobic. Lesi sakhiwo abuthonywa yezingxenye ezibaluleke: ama-amino acid, ushukela, alikhali metal ion. Ukungena salezi zici ku amaseli kwenzeka nge amaprotheni ezokuthutha obutholakala ulwelwesi cell. Ngo-bacterium, isibonelo, kukhona amaprotheni ekhethekile enikeza ukudluliswa kwe-lactose (ubisi noshukela) ngokusebenzisa kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle.

Ngo eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kukhona uhlelo zokuthutha izinto zahlukile esinye isitho kwenye. Sikhuluma ikakhulukazi mayelana-hemoglobin (ngenhla). Ngo-plasma, ngaphezu, kuba njalo-albumin serum (iprotheni ezokuthutha). It has ikhono ukwakha izakhiwo esitebeleni kwamiswa ukugaya amafutha fatty acid, kanye eziningi hydrophobic amino acid (isib tryptophan) kanye nemithi eminingi (ezinye penicillins, sulfonamides, aspirin). Transferrin, esinikela ezokuthutha emzimbeni kuma-athomu okusansimbi, ungesinye isibonelo. Ukuphathwa tingentiwa kanye tseruplazmin okuyinto uyisa ion zethusi. Ngakho, sabuka imisebenzi yezokuthutha ukuthi enze amaprotheni. indima yabo begazi futhi kusukela kule umbono kubaluleke kakhulu.

yokwamukela umsebenzi

Amaphrotheni receptor kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuze ukusebenza eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Basuke bafakwe plasma ulwelwesi cell futhi ukukhonza ukuba aliqonde futhi ushintsho olwengeziwe amasignali lapho ufaka cell. Kulokhu amasignali kungaba evela kwamanye amangqamuzana futhi ezungezile. Acetylcholine receptor okwamanje wafunda kakhulu. Atholakala eziningi interneuron oxhumana nabo ulwelwesi cell, kuhlanganise ngesikhathi uxhumano kwamanyuroni e cortex cerebral. Lezi amaprotheni uxhumana acetylcholine futhi udlulise isiginali ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni.

Neurotransmitter ukuthola uphawu ukuguqulela kumele sisuswe ukuze kulungiselelwe iseli wakwazi ukuqonda amasignali olwengeziwe. Ngenxa yale njongo, acetylcholinesterase - enzyme akhethekile, okuyinto kulethe le hydrolysis acetylcholine ukuba choline futhi acetate. Akukhona umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu futhi yokwamukela ukuthi wenza amaprotheni? Iqhaza begazi okulandelayo, umsebenzi lokuvikela umzimba nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Nale umane abavumelani.

umsebenzi Avikelayo

isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela aphendvule ukubukeka isizukulwane izinhlayiya angaphandle inombolo enkulu lymphocyte. Ziyakwazi kokulimaza izakhi ngokukhetha. Lezi zinhlayiya angaphandle kungase kube amangqamuzana omdlavuza, namagciwane abangela izifo izinhlayiya supramolecular (macromolecules, amagciwane, njll). lymphocyte B - iqembu lama-lymphocyte, oveza amaprotheni ekhethekile. Lezi amaprotheni zihlukaniswa e isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Bayaqaphela izinhlayiya angaphandle, kanjalo zakha isimiso ekubhujisweni isinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ethize kakhulu. Lezi amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi immunoglobulin, ayisiza. A antigen okukhulunywe kwamagciwane ezibanga omzimba impendulo.

Ukwakheka umsebenzi

Futhi amaprotheni ukuthi imisebenzi ezikhethekile kakhulu futhi labo lapho ukubaluleka kakhulu kwesakhiwo. Siyabonga kubo, uma amandla mechanical nezinye izakhiwo izicubu eziphilayo. Lezi amaprotheni zihlanganisa, ngokuyinhloko kuyi-collagen. Collagen (isithombe cm. Ngezansi) e ezincelisayo kuyinto cishe ikota yebahlali amaprotheni mass. It is kuhlelwe amaseli main ezakha ezicutshini (okuthiwa fibroblasts).

Ekuqaleni, kwakheka collagen is njengoba procollagen - eyandulela yayo egeleza ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali fibroblasts. Khona-ke kwamiswa it is ibe polypeptide ngamaketanga amathathu, uwenze ube Kuvunguza. Kepha laba bafikile bevela fibroblasts e collagen fibrils ka-nanometer angu ambalwa ububanzi. Lesi sakamuva yakha kwayo kuyi-collagen, ezingasetshenziswa kakade akubonakali ngesibonakhulu. Kwezicubu nokunwebeka (wamaphaphu izindonga, imithambo yegazi esikhumbeni) extracellular-matrix collagen ngaphezu, futhi iqukethe mithambo ine-elastin amaprotheni. Singasho welulela etinhlotjeni letibanti sasivumela ububanzi bese ubuyela esimweni saso sokuqala. Esinye isibonelo amaprotheni kwesakhiwo okunganikeza lapha - kuyinto usilika fibroin. It isehlane ngesikhathi kumiswa amacimbi isiphungumangathi inundu. Kuyinto ingxenye eyinhloko kasilika ngentambo. Manje chaza namaprotheni motor.

motor amaprotheni

Futhi in ukuqaliswa motor icubungula indima enkulu begazi amaprotheni. Sitshele kafushane ngalokhu nemisebenzi yabo. Imisipha - kuyinqubo ngesikhathi lapho amakhemikhali namandla is ibe umsebenzi lokukhanda. Direct amalungu akhe amaprotheni amabili - myosin futhi actin. Myosin has a isakhiwo engavamile kakhulu. Kumiswa It is zekhanda ezimbili globular nomsila (eside ingxenye filamentary). Cishe 1600 NM ubude elilodwa-molecule. Nasemakhanda ngaleyo ndlela ingxenyenamba lokulandisa mayelana 200 nm.

Actin (ngenhla) - iprotheni globular kokuba isisindo yamangqamuzana 42000. Kungaba polymerized ukwakha isakhiwo eside, bese uxhumana ngendlela nge inhloko myosin. Isici esibalulekile salo le nqubo - kwencika yayo phezu khona ATP. Uma lokuhlushwa salo sezingeni eliphezulu, myosin kwakhiwa futhi actin eziyinkimbinkimbi libhujiswa ke walulama emva ATP hydrolysis kwenzeka ngenxa myosin ATPase. Le nqubo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni, isibonelo, ikhambi, lapho bobabili amaprotheni abakhona. Kuba viscous ngenxa yokuthi eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwakheka ukungabi khona ATP. Ngaphezu kwalokho ke kunciphisa kakhulu viscosity ngenxa lapho kubhujiswa lesi eziyinkimbinkimbi wadala, ngemva kwalokho-ke kancane kancane uqala alulame ngenxa ATP hydrolysis. Ngo inqubo imisipha, lokhu kuxhumana bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

imithi elwa namagciwane

Siyaqhubeka ukudalula isihloko "Iqhaza begazi amaprotheni emzimbeni." Iqembu elikhulu kakhulu futhi kubaluleke kakhulu compounds zemvelo ziyingxenye izithako okuthiwa antibiotic. Ziyakwazi Lokudabuka amagciwane abe nenkani. Lezi izinto abelwe zinhlobo olukhethekile nezilwanyana ezincane. Iqhaza begazi amino acid kanye namaprotheni akunakuphikwa, kodwa imithi elwa namagciwane abe, umsebenzi okhethekile kubaluleke kakhulu. Bona zinqanda ukukhula nezilwanyana ezincane ukuthi ukuncintisana nabo. Ngo-1940, ukutholakala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuye yashintsha ukwelapha izifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezimweni eziningi igciwane imithi elwa namagciwane ningenzi, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwabo njengoba izidakamizwa elwa namagciwane kuyinto ayizwakali.

izibonelo kwamaphilisi

penicillin akuzange kusize iqembu yaqale bakwenze. Izibonelo leli qembu ampicillin futhi benzylpenicillin. Imithi elwa namagciwane ku lo mshini wezenzo namakhemikhali imvelo ahlukahlukene. Abanye balabo okuyinto kabanzi namuhla, basebenzisane ribosomes womuntu, ngenkathi ribosomes webhaktheriya engasenamahloni amaprotheni zamagama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abazi uxhumana ribosomes eukaryotic. Ngakho-ke, i-amaseli webhaktheriya zingabantu eziyingozi, futhi izilwane nabantu ubuthi ongaphakeme. imithi elwa namagciwane ezinjalo zihlanganisa i-streptomycin futhi chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

Iqhaza begazi amaprotheni zamagama kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo izigaba eziningana. Sizokhuluma ngakho kuphela ngokuya jikelele.

Inqubo kanye indima begazi amaprotheni biosynthesis

Le nqubo kuyinto multistage, sinzima kakhulu. Kwenzeka ku ribosomes - organelles ethize. Esikhathini yezinyoni kukhona iqoqo ribosomes. Ngo E. coli, isibonelo, kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane 20.

"Chaza inqubo amaprotheni biosynthesis futhi indima begazi" - umsebenzi abaningi bethu ukuthola esikoleni. Futhi kwakubangela ubunzima abaningi. Hhayi-ke, ake sibone ndawonye.

Amaphrotheni molecule kukhona ngamaketanga polypeptide. Zakhiwa, njengoba kakade, kusukela acid ngabanye acid. Nokho, yamuva ayizona asebenzayo ngokwanele. Ukuze uxhume futhi yakha i-molecule amaprotheni, zidinga kusebenze. Kwenzeka ngenxa enzyme ethize. Ngamunye acid acid kulokhu has enzyme ayo, ikakhulukazi ubukele ncamashi kuso. Umthombo wamandla salokhu nqubo ATP (adenosine triphosphate). I acid acid okubangelwa ukusebenza uba labile kakhudlwana futhi sibopha ngaphansi isenzo enzyme nge m-RNA, esizolokhu bayifaka ribosome (ngoba lokhu RNA ngokuthi ezokuthutha). I ribosome, ngakho-ke, isinyathelo uxhumene tRNA isebenze amino acid. Ribosome - uhlobo elihambayo for inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-engenayo acid acid yochungechunge amaprotheni.

Synthesis indima wamaprotheni kunzima ukuba overestimate, njengoba compounds kwemiqondo imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Cishe zonke cell izakhiwo aqukethe kubo.

Ngakho, siye sichazwa jikelele, inqubo amaprotheni biosynthesis futhi indima begazi. Lokhu kuphetha ujwayele amaprotheni. Sithemba ukuthi unesifiso uqhubeke nayo.