Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele

On emthambekeni izinsuku zakhe, Newton wavuma, njengoba kwaba njalo zonke ngempela. Wayelethwa wanqamula apula engadini yezithelo abazali bakhe ngokungazelelwe wabona esibhakabhakeni emini nenyanga. Bese kufika off lihhabhula phambi kwakhe ovela egatsheni futhi uwela phansi. Ngalesi sikhathi, Newton wasebenza phezu komthetho motion, ngoba wayekwazi kakade lokho ukuthi ekwindla ka-apula lihlobene eduze ithonya adonsela phansi. Futhi ngangazi ukuthi Moon ezungeza, esikhundleni ulenga emoyeni, ukuthi ithinta abanye amandla ubambe kule orbit, akukuniki off indlela bese uya endaweni evulekile. Kwakuphakathi nesikhathi ekwindla ka-apula phambi Isaka zaba: futhi ewa apula, bese uhlala emzileni inyanga kuholela elilodwa amandla. umthetho Newton ye-gravity kwakuthandeka ukuvulwa.

Ake sibheke umlando. UGalileo nezinye bakaCharles Newton watadisha ukunyakaza zemizimba (nombala yashesha), awela emhlabathini. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi lo mkhuba kwenzelwe nje yemvelo futhi ukhona kuphela phezu wonke umhlaba. Kepler futhi nge uthi abanazo ukuthi ezindaweni lapho abanye imithetho yasemkhathini, hhayi naleyo elawula ukuhamba emhlabeni. Zonke agumenti ubilise phansi yokuthi izindikimba zasezulwini, ngenxa sokuphelela sokuhambisa yakhe omise, futhi, ngenxa ukuphelela yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla adonsela phansi ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: eliwumhlaba (abangaphelele) kanye yasezulwini (ephelele).

Futhi ukuqonda Newton ukuhlanganisa zombili izinhlobo phansi ingqondo yakhe. Singasho ukuthi lokhu kwaba umzuzu oyingqophamlando, ngokuhlanganisa ukwahlukana zamanga (Zomhlaba) kanye yokufakelwa (yonke).

izibalo Newton umphumela manje sifundeka kanje: umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Kuchazwa ke uthi, phakathi pair of izidumbu yonke kukhona amandla ka sisakhangana. Umthetho begqoke ngendlela ezothando:

F = GMM / D2,

M m - mass kusho omunye kanti eyesibili umzimba, D - ibanga phakathi izidumbu, F - amandla okudonsa okudonsa izinto. G lapha - njalo uzimisele Ucwaningo futhi, uma ukuyibeka SI amayunithi, ilingana 6,67 × 10-11.

Kodwa umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi kudinga amazwana ambalwa. Okokuqala, sisebenza kuzo zonke izidumbu impahla ngokomzimba, okuyizinto wonke endaweni yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, izincwadi, ukufunda, njengoba wena nazo kuncike amandla mutual Luhambo okudonsa, belingana ezidlula kodwa obuhlukile isiqondiso. Force lincane kakhulu ngisho empahleni ebucayi, kodwa zikhona futhi kungenzeka ukubala. Esinye isibonelo - the sisakhangana phakathi kwakho Quasar ngokungenamkhawulo elikude, okungenza isuswe zezigidi zeminyaka ukukhanya. Lezi amabutho ezikhangayo mancane kunangesikhathi esidlule, kodwa zikhona.

Okwesibili, amandla Umhlaba ye-gravity ngaphezulu kuthinta wonke umzimba isilonda njengoba nganoma yingasiphi. Ngawo lowo mzuzwana owenza ngayo naleli thonya, okungase ibalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ngenhla, emzimbeni uzizwa ke njengoba isisindo sazo. Beka into. Le nto sukela phansi nge ukushesha iyunifomu. UGalileo umamukeli wokuqala engase alinganiswe Ucwaningo ukusheshisa usayizi eseduze falling eduze surface eMhlabeni. Khumbula bukovku g kusukela equation? Kodwa uGalileo is Ucwaningo kukalwa njalo, futhi leli nani Newton (ukusheshisa gravity) zingatholakala ngokufaka esikhundleni ikufomula le emhlabeni mass (M) kanye engaba yayo (D). Isihloko uGalileo nesilinganiso kuba izibalo futhi izibikezelo Newton.

Okwesithathu, umthetho jikelele adonsela phansi imibukiso futhi uchaza isakhiwo uhlelo lwethu (solar), imithetho Kepler sika, okuyinto zembula trajectory of planethi kungenziwa etholakala kulo. Eningini imithetho Kepler, lezi yayimane nje umlingisi achazayo - usosayensi kokuma umane generalized ifomu zezibalo. Esikhathini enkulu ohlelweni ukuze zwe, ngokombusi Newton, etholakala imithetho Kepler sika kuwumphumela oqondile imithetho Mechanics kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Saphinda ukufakaza ekuguquleni okutholakele enokwehla etholwe ezingeni elilodwa endaweni iziphetho ezicacile logic-based futhi bathuthele kwelinye izinga.

Kungakhathaliseki iqiniso okwakhulunywa Newton eminyakeni yakhe ekunqabeni? Ingabe waphonsa dissembled, ekhuluma mayelana ukutholakala kwakhe? Awekho amadokhumenti nihlola noma disproving ukuthi inkinga kwamandla adonsela phansi, Newton eyingoduso ngokunembile ngaleyo nkathi futhi ngempela uqobo, akukho. Kodwa imibhalo zaziwa futhi zivame ulahleke. Futhi elidume wathi: Newton wayeyindoda ezingemnandi futhi okwesabisayo ngokucophelela ukuthi ngandlela-thile ezazikhathaza kokungathembeki yezinto eziza kuqala isayensi ngemva kwaso. Ngakho-ke mnyama iqiniso, ukuzizwa usongo kancane, kwaba ngokwemvelo yakhe.
Futhi uhlala umbuzo: kungani, kokuthi ishicilelwe umthetho wakhe wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele ku 1687th, ukuyivula yena sangomhla 1666, unyaka? Yini ehlukanisa la iminyaka engu-20?