Boris Chertok, yamaSoviet futhi Russian usosayensi-umklami: Biography, imibhalo

Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, Russia ubumbe lonke Umthala lezifundiswa, zitholakale zobuchwepheshe abakhaliphile kabani umnikelo ekunqotshweni yonke ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi usosayensi-umklami Boris Evseevich Chertok kuthatha indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwabo. Wakhe okukhethekile steel esiyingqayizivele design "izinhliziyo" imicibisholo - nohlelo lokuphatha. ukunakwa okuningi wakhokha ekuthuthukiseni satellite nezokuxhumana.

Esikhundleni amabili nesishiyagalolunye yokuqala

Wazalelwa ngo-1912, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba Okthoba Revolution, Chertok kushona (ngo-2011). Phila ecishe ibe ikhulu futhi siqhubeke siphila ingqondo ezihambayo - kuyakufanelekela it! "Kumele sisebenze isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuzuze umphakathi - lena imfihlo," - uthi Chertok. Boris Evseevich biography olwaqala eLodz (Poland namuhla, njengoba ngaphambilini esisogwini amazwe Russian Empire), Ngeza kuleli zwe ngenxa yabangamashumi amabili lesificamunwemunye Februwari. Ukwenza ubufakazi wabonisa okhokho Mashi.

1914 - ngesikhathi lapho ukugeleza ababaleki kokubaleka ezethusayo esakuthwala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukubalekela kwezahlakalo abesabekayo Battle of Lodz, ethwele ngezingalo zakhe indodana ethile, abazali bayo wacabanga into eyodwa kuphela: ukuthi uyobhekana kanjani. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umfana uba i academician, ubuhlakani cosmic. Igama Hero of Socialist Labour, umnikazi imiklomelo eminingi nje kuphela uhlu "The Best Russian abaklami bezindiza," kodwa ukuthi amazinga emhlabeni isikhala wabahloli okusendimeni.

Futhi akulungile ukuba umphefumulo Chertok amasu zaqhamuka ziphuma esikoleni. Devyatiletki wathola iziqu ngo-1929. Nokho, esikhathini esingangonyaka esedlule e umagazini "Radio nke" kwavela ukuthuthukiswa lokuqala umfana elula Soviet (jikelele tube umsakazo).

Endleleni eya idiploma esikoleni esiphakeme

Ngo eyikhulu neshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu we kwafika insizwa zezindiza ibhizinisi ngobukhulu kuleli - inombolo isitshalo 22. MEI (Amandla Institute) iziqu kuphela forties ngezinga kwezobunjiniyela kagesi. Ngesikhathi kwempahla esanda Uchwepheshe yayingenamhlabathi eyodwa lobunikazi izixazululo ezibalulekile lobuchwepheshe (bona supersereznye ukuthatha okungenani automatic ukukhululwa igiya, inceku electronics smart).

Trust ozakwabo, "ngaphambi" diploma esikoleni esiphakeme. Kokunye namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi semnyakeni wamashumi amathathu nanhlanu kanye abanamakhono abafundi itoho (ngaphambi kokuphela nyuvesi bashintshele emini) onjiniyela e KB, lapho inkosi futhi unkulunkulu Victor Bolkhovitinov (nge 1936 Design Bureau lasetshenziswa ezindaweni inombolo isitshalo 84, ngo-1939 - ku ibhizinisi № 293 Khimki).

Lapha Boris Chertok ofeze konke kweminyaka yempi kusukela nesishiyagalolunye forties. A umlando ocebile uqukethe ulwazi olulandelayo: onguchwepheshe imishini kagesi (unjiniyela phambili), ukulungele fly izimoto ezinamaphiko abanqobi ikusasa North Pole (inhloko "pervoprolettsev" - UMichael Vodopianov) futhi ukubamba imoto Sigismund Levanevskogo, lapho abanesibindi wenza indiza engami USSR - Melika.

esiphuthumayo

Ngo Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich ukudala amaphrojekthi esiyingqayizivele kagesi. Isekelwe phezu kwabo, Zonke-Union Electrotechnical Institute eqoqwe amasampula zomculo kuncike ukuhlolwa elawula. Izitayela abasafufusa of lempi imishini edingekayo zamabhomu ifakwe enokwethenjelwa kakhulu izindiza ugesi kanye motors kagesi AC.

Abantu abaningi bayazi igama Academician Claudia Shenfera. Wabhekisa amabombo uMnyango imishini kagesi Electric Institute futhi asekelwe onguchwepheshe abasha. Izinyathelo ukusebenzisa izindiza izinhlelo zokuqala impumelelo othenjisiwe. Kodwa namafu emvula babe kubutsela: kuqubuka impi ngokumelene abahlaseli.

Ngo nesishiyagalolunye amane nanye, amabhizinisi ukuzivikela ezibaluleke kakhulu zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo kuya ezingemuva. Abaningi abasebenzi kanye nemishini eyisisekelo inombolo isitshalo 293 NII-1 NCAP bazinza Bilimbai Sverdlovsk esifundeni okwesikhashana. Boris Chertock ukukhumbule njengokungathi kakhulu ngokwenyama wayesebenza esikhumulweni i lokushisa air degrees 50, ngokuzila ukudla (isabelo nesizotha ingagciniwe).

Entwasahlobo ka-1945 e-Germany nge isicelo inkonzo ukuthumela iqembu elikhethekile ososayensi. Kudingeke ukuba ngobumnene ukuhlola rocketry okumnandi German. Leli qembu liholwa Chertok. Boris Evseevich ehloniphekayo wakhonza mission phambi kwelesibili ngo-1947. Yena-Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev owayengashadile ayesebenza kanzima ukuze Thuringia, amabutho elawulwa amandla onqobayo-USSR, inkampani wavula "The Raven" ( "Inceku"). Izwe lalingamanxiwa ngemva kwempi, futhi wabahlasela ijubane eSoviet-German rocket alimisa kwa lenqaba namaNazi!

-Third Reich ngo-1944-m rocket umkhakha wenza umkhakha yesimanje. ukuthuthukiswa emangalisa lososayensi German lalifuna ukuba okhushuliwe inhlolovo umsebenzi wase-USSR ne-United States. Chertock nozakwabo ziye zasungula kudivayisi ukumelana for ukuthungela ingxube uphethiloli emoyeni. search Kunzima khona uhlelo avant-garde. Electric ukuthungela LRE (liquid noma amakhemikhali rocket izinjini) kuye kwasusa umgoqo. Novelty wazibonela kwelinye namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi yesibili mane ukusungula eduze-fighter "B-1" (uMdali obaba - futhi Bereznyak Isaev). I-fuel esetshenziswa nitric acid kanye kaphalafini.

umhlangano omazisayo

NII-1 bezazisa isiqondiso esibalulekile, ikilasi "phansi-phansi 'ezikhalini ezijikijelwayo ezivuthayo elawula uhlelo (InterContinental ballistic yesikhathi eside). Ngo-1946, ngesisekelo 'Rab "waqala sikhungo" Nordhausen "(it kwakuhlanganisa" Montana ", okuyinkampani eyethula" V-22, futhi base Leestene) Qamba engineer Eyinhloko Inkampani Kamuva wafunda kuyo yonke iplanethi -. SP Korolev (umklami uMphathi rocket isikhala umkhakha wase-USSR).

Kusukela ngo-1946 futhi kuze kube ngo-1950, uBoris Evseevich kuhlanganiswe imisebenzi emibili: wayengumuntu iPhini Umklami Chief Sergei Korolev kanye neNhloko yoMnyango ka nohlelo lokuphatha NII-88 Dept. of Armed Forces we-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Ngo-1951 - Shona Okokuqala Design Bureau nohlelo lokuphatha. Famous izindiza Russian Abaklami Chertok, Korolyov futhi lisebenzisane usuku ehlehlela emuva kokufa omunye wabo (okokugcina wayengekho 1966).

Eyesibili indima umuntu wokuqala

"Spin-off" kusukela NII-88 (1956) kwaba isinyathelo maqondana inkampani entsha ezimele ebizwa "inombolo kokulinganisa Design Bureau 1". Kusukela ngo-1957 kuya 1963. Boris Chertok - ngakwesokunene Sergeya koroleva, induna le nhlangano esiyingqayizivele.

D. t. N. Chertok ngo-1963 wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba iPhini umuntu yokuqala ibhizinisi ngokwesayensi. ukusebenza futhi kanyekanye ephethwe Inombolo yegatsha 1, elalisendlini ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele ukuthuthukisa iziphuphutheki kanye izinhlelo zabo control. Ngemva kokufa Queen baba umklami abakhulu Vasily Mishin. Abanolwazi futhi ohlakaniphe kunabo Boris Chertok kwaba nephini lakhe, plus abaqondiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi CDB kokulinganisa Engineering.

Kusukela ngo-1974 kuya 1992. - iSekela leJaji (kamuva Jikelele) umakhi yesayensi-zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi "Amandla" phezu izinhlelo zokulawula (SPC - phambilini obuwaziwa okb-1, bese TSBKEM eliholwa V Mishin, eminyakeni ezahlukene, Glushko, Semenov).

kubalulekile

Nge eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye konyaka wesithathu nowesithupha ngaphambi kokushiya elinye izwe (2011) umpetha ezingaba "umlilo endaweni yonke," Boris Chertok ukunikeza njalo iseluleko lochwepheshe ukuze designer jikelele Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia" yaqanjwa S. P. koroleva (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo - okb-1 ).

Ukulandelela izinyathelo uhambo olude, isiphetho kusikisela ngokwayo: yonke imisebenzi usosayensi futhi unjiniyela - Kugcwaliseka izinhlelo ekubhekeleni amasu azoletha kuhlomisa namarokhethi kanye mkhathi sokulawulwa iziyisikhombisa, okuzokwenza kubo uyakwazi indiza ibanga elide.

Lesi sikole wadala usosayensi abakhaliphile namanje uyaziqhenya ke ngamakhasimende ukuthuthukiswa iziqondiso ezintsha zesayensi. On ke sahlulelwa ezingeni kwafinyelela yasekhaya isikhala ubuchwepheshe, enamadoda ngumuntu. Chertok wazakhela mbono nokungaguquguquki kwezakhiwo, inhlangano ukukhiqizwa ayo amagiya actuators.

Zonke ezimele futhi onobunye

imibuzo eyisisekelo isinqumo kwavusa ukuqhubeka theory kanye netheknoloji rocket isikhala drive. Sekungenzeka ukukhiqiza izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze docking imikhumbi uvele hydraulics nge control yedijithali nokuningi. Le ndoda yayingeve ukwazi njalo uhlale emkhathini.

Chertok Boris Evseevich nozakwabo athuthukile izisekelo ukuklama amadivayisi ezizimele njengengxenye uhlelo esinobunye yezikhali ezicitshwayo InterContinental. project yabo ezinkulukazi wenza ngokoqobo rocket yokuqalisa Inkokhelo (imidiya).

Eduze saqala ukutadisha amaphethini okukhipha ukusatshalaliswa ukwehluleka imishini yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlaka (nokwethenjelwa theory). Baqala ukucacisa izimbangela kanye amaphethini enkingeni. eqa qualitative kuye kwaholela ukubonakala R-7 InterContinental missile ballistic. izimiso Eminye luphelele ku nokulungiswa okwakushiwo yilesi simangaliso eziphathelene nezempi.

Khumbula zonke, ngakhumbula zonke

Ngo-1999 wakhipha umqulu ncwadi yanyatheliswa ezingafinyelela zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele ezine. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi kuze kube manje kuba okuhamba phambili, "Isikhala-encyclopedia" ngubani amaphupho ukuze uthole ochwepheshe abavela emazweni ehlukene, izigidi zabafundi abavamile. Oqwembeni ayinzima ukuboniswa: "." "B. E. Chertok" Rockets futhi Abantu Umqondo ilula, kodwa kunzima!

Unkosikazi umklami Catherine Golubkina (1910-2004) yama kwelokuthi umyeni wayo, ogama zokusebenza umsebenzi iminyaka eminingi kufihlwe ngaphansi "oluthathwa," kusho inzalo ka abathokozelwa nguye esebenze ndawonye cishe. ososayensi abaqavile baye basungula rocket isikhala isayensi, ukudala legatsha ezazingaziwa embonini.

Ngaphambi abakhileyo ngekhulu xxi kwafika izinkumbulo ebaluleke kunayo ukwakheka umkhakha. Ngemva kokufunda umqulu wokuqala, kungenzeka ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe Phakathi matasa Duel isizathu: ososayensi Soviet ngokumelene Ochwepheshe waseBrithani nowaseMelika.

Ngo inombolo ncwadi 2 Umklami izinkulumo mayelana isikhathi hot ezandulela kwethulwa mkhathi ezungeza Umhlaba endaweni geocentric orbit (satellite yokufakelwa), ezindizeni amadivayisi kumnandi, phambili inyanga, Venus, Mars. Shiya amakhasi ambalwa abazinikele umlando we "East", ethwele ku ibanga engaziwa uhambo, Yuri Gagarin.

umlayezo inzalo

Esikhathini Umqulu wesithathu, uBoris Chertok ichaza indlela umuntu Soviet uyiphayona ukudalwa iziteshi esemkhathini. E-West kanye eU.SSR okuye kwabhalwa nezihloko nezincwadi eziningi ngomlando wezwe onqobayo Uhlelo socialism isikhala. Kukhona umbono izinkumbulo academician Boris Chertok waba ulwazi kakhulu, enemininingwane. Incwadi ethi "rocket futhi le ndoda" ngokuphindaphindiwe zibhaliwe ezweni nasemazweni aphesheya.

Kule minyaka, wesine wokulandisa Usosayensi indaba ethakazelisayo hlelo, esehlanganise isikhathi kusuka ngo-1968 kuya 1974, lapho omunye ngemva komunye kulandela ukunqoba baseMelika ekuhloleni satellite eMhlabeni eliseduze - the Moon.

Omunye timphawu letehlukene kulo le ncwadi incazelo eningiliziwe umsuka iphrojekthi Soviet, elaqala ukusebenza ngo-1970 ekwakheni sasemkhathini "Salyut" yaphela nge multi-module "Mir" eziyinkimbinkimbi (1980).

Izahluko esimnandi kakhulu ezihlobene usizi "Soyuz-11", zabulala Cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, volkov futhi Patsaev. Le ncwadi iphetha incazelo kwesimiso N-1 nokuzalwa ISS "Energia-Buran" ngaphansi Glushko. It idlulisela ukuqonda umcabango ezimpini zezombusazwe, zobuchwepheshe, futhi siqu ngesikhathi lapho uhlelo Soviet isikhala wawudlondlobele.

Ngo ayizinkulungwane ezimbili eziyisishiyagalolunye, isiteshi sokuqala ithelevishini Russian wahlela kudlalwé TV documentary Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Shot endaweni yonke. " Umuntu omkhulu, umnikazi imiklomelo eminingi, unembeza wabo bonke onjiniyela ka enkathini yesimanje, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, owayekhuluma iqiniso, lingamlimazanga ubani, singabehlisi, ecabanga abaphilayo nakho. Esikhathini Uhlaka zokugcina, waxolisa ukuba ososayensi abasha ngenxa yokuthi isizukulwane sakhe asikwazanga ukulondoloza amandla enkulu - i-USSR.