TNCs emnothweni. TNK - ke ...

Phakathi kwamakhulu umnotho ngobukhulu emhlabeni, 52 kukhona izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi 48 - States. Namuhla, corporations bayobusa izwe. kuqala ekuhlanganiseni Political nomthelela lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo TNCs emnothweni emazweni amaningi mkhulu kangangokuthi ukusungula imithetho yalo mdlalo hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa izimbangi, kodwa nezalo lonke uthi.

TNK - kungcono emnothweni, okungafaniswa izinga nelilodwa izwe. Ezinye izinkampane Ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi i-ephambili, njengoba dala izigidi zemisebenzi kanye nemali idlula GDP emazweni amaningi emhlabeni.

Uyini TNC?

TNK - ifemu onamafa elawulwa emazweni amaningana futhi ehola umsebenzi ngalé lizwe. UN Ochwepheshe ukutadisha corporation ngamazwe nge 1960, akhonjwe izici ezintathu nobuntu ezixhaphaza:

• Corporation kwenza izinqumo ngokusebenzisa oqondisa isikhungo esisodwa, uqhuba Inqubomgomo anokuhambisana nokuqalisa isu lwahlangana;
• It yakhiwa amayunithi etholakala emazweni amabili noma ngaphezulu, ifomu elisemthethweni ensimini okungaba ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi;
• amayunithi lomuntu enkampani oxhumene, ukuthonya nomunye umsebenzi, yabelana ubuchwepheshe, imithombo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo.

corporations Global

TNK - lo msebenzi 2/3, cishe ingxenye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, futhi u-80% innovation. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi isabelo esinzima izimpahla emakethe (25%) kuveza corporations eziningana sezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, Nestle ethengisa inkampani yezimonyo in L'Oreal kanye jeans Udizili. A ezahlukene imikhiqizo ephuma insipho Dove ukuba Klondike ushokoledi kungokwalabo nkampani Unilever.

1/3 zokukhiqiza bezinkampani ngamazwe iphathelene udaba kwezakhiwo angaphandle ngaphakathi ezixhaphaza, yokuthengisa zazo Udlule emhlabeni emazweni angaphandle. US kanye angaphandle TNCs 50% imisebenzi ukuthekelisa e-United States. I share zokuthumela UK corporations ku-80%, kanti emazweni angaphandle ukuba Singapore - kufike ku-90%.

Inkampane yokuqala ngamazwe

Inhlangano yokuqala ngamazwe abanye abacwaningi abakholelwa ukuthi lo Templars, eyasungulwa ekhulwini XII nomthofu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imisebenzi zezimali zomhlaba. Elokuqala TNK - saseBrithani East India kanye Dutch East India Company, eyasungulwa ngo-1600 futhi 1602, ngokulandelana. Inkampani i-Dutch wayebuye inkampani okuhlangene isitokwe kuqala. Mega-corporations kwekhulu XVII wayevele igunya kumazinga kwaholela isinyathelo sezempi, uhlamvu lwemali olwenziwa, wadala ikoloni, waba nengxenye ikhambi izinkinga kwezombusazwe okusezingeni eliphezulu.

ezixhaphaza ifomu zanamuhla kwavela isigamu kwekhulu XIX yesibili futhi wayifeza nokukhangiswa amaminerali. Ngekhulu XX, abo Ububanzi bemisebenzi yandile kakhulu, ifinyelele embulungeni yonke ngokuthuthukisa nokubambisana nokuhlukanisa jikelele zomsebenzi. Lunye zokukhiqiza nomthelela ekwandeni e umthamo yayo.

TNCs futhi MNCs

Ngu ubuzwe ngokuvamile izinkampani ezinkulu kuthiwa selihlukene laba izinkampani YeSizwe (TNC) kanye lezizwe ezihlukahlukene (MNCs).

• TNK - corporation kokuba amafa angaphandle, yokukhiqiza ehamba phambili futhi ukuhweba nemisebenzi yokuthengisa ngaphandle "ekhaya" yezwe (lapho indlunkulu yabo itholakala). E-US, i-corporation Ngokuvamile zihilela inkampani okuhlangene isitokwe, kanye TNCs eziningi zanamuhla sekukhona ngenxa ukunwetshwa ngamazwe US, leligama ufake igama yabo. TNCs ukuqhuba imisebenzi yabo emazweni ahlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa amagatsha, ezingaphansi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlangano. Amagatsha babe ukukhiqizwa cishe ezizimele kanye yokuthengisa ukuhlukana, enze ucwaningo nentuthuko kanye nokunye .. Ngokuvamile, amagatsha ukumela eziyinkimbinkimbi omkhulu ezimbonini. Amasheya enkampani, njengoba umthetho, eyakho kuphela nalabo abamele ekusungulweni zwe.
• OLS - kuyinto inkampani esemazweni amaningi, inhlanganisela yebhizinisi ahlukene e ngesisekelo zezimboni, ezesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe. izici yabo esiwuphawu zihlanganisa: Kuboshwe abaholi nokulingana core multi-kazwelonke kanye ne-multi-kazwelonke. TNCs eziningi zanamuhla basonta Uhlobo lokuqala, njengoba ilawulwa abamele isifunda. ezinkampanini zamazwe ababaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Anglo-Dutch uwoyela ukukhathazeka Royal Dutch Shell kanye nenkampani chemical Unilever.

Ngo iqembu ahlukene ungenza imifelandawonye wokubambisana ngamazwe, Consortia wadala ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile.

Ukwahlukaniswa corporations

Kuye Ububanzi bemisebenzi kanye imali yonyaka isehlane TNCs ezincane (3-4 emagatsheni akwamanye amazwe) kanye TNCs ezinkulu (amashumi namakhulu amahhovisi amagatsha emazweni ahlukahlukene).

• TNK ukuhlanganiswa ovundlile amawofisi emazweni amaningana futhi ikhiqizwa kakhulu imikhiqizo efanayo noma (isib, US izinkampani auto noma uhlelo «ukudla okusheshayo»).
• TNK amagatsha thwi ihlanganiswe kuthiwa ezihlanganiswe webhizinisi olulodwa obhekene zonke izigaba lokugcina ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo iyunithi enikeziwe yinkampani efanayo abangekho kwamanye amazwe.
• Hlukanisa (okuhlukahlukene) TNK - kukhona izinkampani ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene: ekudleni kuya izimonyo. Basuke kulawulwa amayunithi etholakala emazweni ahlukahlukene, aluhlanganiswa nendawo noma ngenhla.

TNCs kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile amabhange YeSizwe (TNB), ukubolekisa ibhizinisi, nokuhlela ngamazwe imali zokukhokhelwa. Ibuse phezu izimakethe zezimali zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe, bangase babe nomthelela sina silinganiso mutual zezimali zikazwelonke.

izimakethe

ezixhaphaza zaba kwesigamu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni Imininingwane emhlabeni, u-70% yohwebo emhlabeni, u-40% okuyinto - iyona ukuhweba yangaphakathi ekuphathweni kwezinhlangano ezithile sezizwe ezihlukahlukene. corporations Abaningi sezizwe ezihlukahlukene usebenza emkhakheni kawoyela ongahluziwe, chemical umkhakha, yezimoto, electronics. Kulezi zindawo, ukudala inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ukukhiqizwa Kulula kakhulu futhi inzuzo. TNK - esinakho emikhakheni eminingi, ukuthatha ukulawula ezimakethe zomhlaba:

• 90% ukolweni, ummbila, ikhofi, ugwayi, ukhuni, yensimbi emakethe;
• 85% wemakethe ngoba bauxite nethusi;
• 80% wemakethe itiye nezimayini tin emakethe;
• 75% - uwoyela, injoloba kanye banana emakethe.

TNK - ibhizinisi engasekelwa njalo wahlanganyela kuphela ekukhiqizeni, isibonelo, Siemens, amabhange ngamazwe, impesheni kanye nezimali utshalomali, audit izinkampani zomshuwalense.

TNK izilinganiso

Isilinganiso Global imidondoshiya zomhlaba ezivela emazweni 62 ukusetha ijubane umnotho womhlaba, liye eyanyatheliswa kumagazini i-American Forbes. Kuhlanganisa 515 TNCs kusuka e-United States, angu-210 Japanese futhi 113 Chinese, 56 Indian, 62 corporations Canadian. Indawo yokuqala kwaba ebhange US JP Morgan Chase. izindawo zemininingwane e amahlanu phakathi General Electric, Bank of America, Exxon Hambayo futhi ICBC.

Eyesibili ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo isilinganiso basukela Partnership for a New American Umnotho. Isipikili uhlu okudayisa Wal-Mart Stores inethiwekhi ye-United States, izimali elihlanganisiwe kukhona ufana kwesabelomali eJalimane. izindawo wesibili nowesithathu babe Royal Dutch Igobolondo eHolland Exxon Hambayo. umugqa Kulinganiswe ngo waya Apple, AT & T, u-Google, Colgate, Budweiser eBay, IBM, General Electric ne-McDonald sika. Ngokusho kochwepheshe ka sohlelo TNK amathuba emisebenzi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10, futhi yabo engenayo elihlangene kuyinto izigidigidi zama-dollar.

Russia kule simo Giants

Esikhathini simo Forbes TNK, igesi ayitholwa Russian "Gazprom" lithole indawo 16, wathatha isikhundla aholayo phakathi izinkampani ezihlobene uwoyela negesi wemboni. Ngokukamagazini i-US, imbuyiselo "Gazprom" cishe u- $ 25 bhiliyoni, futhi emakethe inani layo -. $ 133,6 bhiliyoni "Lukoil" futhi "Rosneft" rankings emhlabeni e ithole indawo 69th futhi lama-77 phakathi izinkampani 115 ezivela emhlabeni wonke .

Iqhaza ngamazwe bezinkampani ezinkulu

ezixhaphaza ukudlala indima yokuhola kuleli kwembulunga yonke ka-class emhlabeni R & D I isabelo corporations ngobukhulu akhawunti angaphezu kuka-80% wama-patents ebhalisiwe izimali abelwe ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngezinye TNK iqashe namuhla abantu kwezigidi ezingu-70 minyaka yonke imikhiqizo for cishe $ 1 trillion. Ngo izimboni ahlobene ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe umsebenzi enikeziwe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-150.

TNCs futhi ohulumeni

Namuhla, TNK emazweni amaningi emhlabeni kuthinte yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, futhi unamandla esinakho. Kukhona izinkampani eziningi, ngokuya inzuzo kokweqa GDP emazweni amaningi, abaphathi abaphezulu yalezi zinkampani ngokuvamile ukwenza ibhizinisi ngqo nohulumeni. TNCs Inamandla ngokuvamile anqikaze yimuphi ukulawula, kuhlanganise amazinga ezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki. Ochwepheshe nabahlaziyi baye wawubonakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwenzeka a ingcindezi omubi ingxenye TNCs emazweni encane. Kukhona amacala lapho ubuholi wafuna ukusekelwa corporations ohulumeni, ngisho noma inkampani kwaba nemiphumela emibi abantu kanye nezwe enhlalakahleni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2003, Halliburton (USA) wenza isivumelwano ukuze kabusha ingqalasizinda e-Iraq i-$ 680 million.

zamazwe ngamazwe Russian

Ukuvela bezinkampani ezinkulu Russian, bangazihluphi izikhundla ehola emakethe emhlabeni past 15 leyengcile kube umphumela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russian.

Ekuqaleni 2000 zadala isimo esihle ukuba kukhululwe yizinkampani ezimbalwa Russian emakethe global. TNK - it is a corporation, inkampani umzali ukuthi ungumnikazi inhlokodolobha kwelinye izwe ukuthi ungumnikazi amafa angaphandle. Ngaphansi nenqubo ye-izinkampani elandelayo ukulingana TNK eRussia NLMK, Rao "UES Russia" MTS "VimpelCom", TNK-BP, "Alrosa". TNK - kuyinto "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Evraz", "Gazprom", "Rusal", "Severstal", "Sual" MMC "Norilsk Nickel". Zonke izinkampani ngenhla impahla phesheya, kuthiwa ekwandiseni ezimakethe zomhlaba.

Kufanele kuqashelwe namabhange elihle Russian oluphethe amafa angaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa "Vneshtorgbank", "Savings Bank", "Alfa-Bank", "MDM-Bank". Ngokusho UNCTAD ukuze TNCs Russian kungenziwa labizwa futhi izinkampani zokuthutha, izinkampani ezifana "Novoship", "Prisco" futhi "Far Eastern Inkampani yokuthumela."