Imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalo: umbono lwezenhlalo noma izinganekwane esiyingozi?

Esavela ekhulwini XIX e zezemfundo nezinye imfundiso esivelele Umsuka of Species kaDarwin yamila umcabango European. Kwakukhona okuningi nezitha lo mbono, kodwa futhi eziningi abasekeli bayo ardent. Umqondo ukuthi izinto eziphilayo vumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo ukusinda njengeqembu, kuphela labo bakwazile ukuzivumelanisa, kwakheka isisekelo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningi emphakathini. Umqondo zinhlobo begazi baba extrapolated kubantu ngabanye abantu, kwezakhi yomphakathi, ngisho nezizwe lonke nezinhlanga.

ezintweni ezinhle yamafilosofi, wayethambekele cabanga ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni nomphakathi ethuthuka kancane kancane, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi lo Lesi sifo siphatha kakhulu ukuba izimfundiso sezinto eziphilayo ekhaliphile. Kuyinto phakathi positivists (A. Small, T. Malthus, uSpencer nabanye) owasungula theory, kamuva wathola igama "imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalakahle." Ososayensi lalesi sikole nje "wagumbuqela" imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi kwemvelo, okuyinto uyabusa endle, umphakathi wabantu. Ngakho, isazi sefilosofi saseBrithani u Herbert Spencer wagomela ngokuthi ukusinda kwabantu ezinamandla. Futhi le nkulumo positivist abadumile, ngeshwa, wabonisa ukungazi yakhe ayisisekelo biology nokungaqondi kuya ekupheleni imfundiso kaDarwin, abalandeli kwalokho azi-.

Charles Darwin theory izimangalo silingane kakhulu futhi enamandla ngabanye okuhambisa namandla inzalo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ikhophi ezibuthakathaka die, ukuba zibulawe indlala, kuyoba Peck noma anqunywe izihlobo zabo. Simply ingashintshwa kakhulu kuya exigencies kwezimiso zemvelo lowesilisa kuyoba umlingani ayethanda emehlweni izinsikazi abafisa enzalweni yakhe, lokhu genotype. Kudluliswa a genotype eqinile - ukuthi iyisici ukushayela soshintsho zilwane hhayi ingxenye yalo. Kungaba unadapted ukuze izimo ezintsha esingokwemvelo sazo zonke izinto uhlobo (sikubiza igatsha efile ekupheleni ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo), futhi ingase ibe ukuze nabameleli bayo zizoqala ukuguquka futhi ziphenduke.

Nokho, imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalakahle Ngokuqondene kwemvelo njengoba wokulwela ukuphila ngaphakathi zilwane, phakathi kwabantu. Ukuze sibe abacebile, imithombo yemvelo futhi unamandla zezombusazwe - lokhu akuyona into efanayo, ukuthi uthumele ufuzo kwabo abaningi kakhulu inzalo. I Billionaire angeke unezingane, noma inzalo yakhe ngaso sonke ngeke babe okuzingela efanayo "ukuqonda reflex," njengoba ubaba. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubukwa ngabanye oluqinile awushintshanga.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalo e ingqondo zakhe zazingafani kubhekwe umbono Homo sapiens njengoba enjalo. Ubizwa uthambekele ekuboneni umphakathi wesintu kunabaningi angawodwa abanemizimba abulalane ucezu lwesinkwa esandleni sakho. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye theoreticians inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela social ukuvela T. Malthus wagomela ngokuthi labantu ngayo le planethi, ngisho nokusebenzisa i-mode kakhulu ukukhiqizwa, kwandisa yokuziphilisa i inchubekelembili izibalo, ngenkathi ngokwayo esandisa e weJiyomethri. Kule phezu-labantu kanye nokuntuleka umphumela izinsiza zonke kubhubhane asakazeka futhi kudlalwa impi nokuchitheka kwegazi, isimiso, kuwumqondo omuhle, ngoba izimpi futhi ngesikhathi kubhubhane esiqine ukusinda.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalo, siphindwe theory zobuhlanga we akaphakeme isizwe Aryan, idale enjalo buyinto ugly njengoba imfundiso ka Sikazwelonke Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni. Lo mbono wokuthi abanye abantu, ubuhlanga noma ezenhlalo amaqembu ababuthakathaka, futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele noma subordinated noma ubhujiswe (khumbula ukuthi amaNazi babethunyelwa khona, lo nomqondo buthaka-ukuthi esinobuthi njengoba yayo, uwabheka bonakalise isikhundla eliphezulu Aryan) ukuze namanje bahlala ezingqondweni zamanye kwezombusazwe abazinze. Ngakho, ekupheleni amakhanda 80 kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, usosayensi odumile osekela Soviet UNikolai Amosov ngobuqotho zezemfundo ezihlongozwayo isifundo emikhulu yezakhamuzi Soviet evela emaqenjini nomphakathi sinombono evelela wabayisa ezimbili: i-"buthakathaka" nelithi "namandla". Zh.Sorel ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kaDarwin social "inganekwane social" ezibukela phansi umqondo wokuba basebenze ubulungiswa emphakathini.