Izinhlobo izinto eziphilayo isomerism

Isomerism - isici kunalokho ebalulekile amakhemikhali, ngoba isakhiwo kanye nesimo sobudlelwane engqamuzaneni incike impahla yayo. Izinhlobo isomers kanye isakhiwo isici izinto ayenziwa wafunda kuze kube yilolu suku.

Isomers futhi isomerization: kuyini?

Ngaphambi kokucabangela izinhlobo ezinkulu isomerism, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi yini igama elithi kusho. Kuthathwa ngokuthi isomerism kuyinto lomkhuba wokuthi lapho kwakwakhe chemical (noma isomers) isakhiwo ezahlukene futhi ilungiselelo-athomu, kodwa nokho zinezikhathi ukwakheka efanayo kanye nesisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Empeleni, igama elithi "isomerization" Uvele isayensi akusiyo kudala. emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, kwaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye izinto kanye nemingcele efanayo isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye isethi efanayo ama-athomu kuhluke nezici zabo.

Njengoba isibonelo, yamagilebhisi kanye tartaric acid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye phakathi ososayensi J. von Liebig futhi Friedrich Wöhler ingxoxo aluthatha ngemva kwalokho. Ekuhloleni eziningi, kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili unesimo AgCNO ifomula - ukucupha tsianovokisloe nesiliva, okwathi nakuba ukwakheka efanayo, babe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Kakade ngo-1830, umqondo yethulwa isomerization yesayensi.

Esikhathini esizayo, sibonga umsebenzi A. Butlerov noJ van't Hoff wayesichazelile lo mkhuba isomers lubandlululo kanye kwesakhiwo.

Isomerization - yokusabela ethize, ngesikhathi lapho kukhona ekuguquleni isomers isakhi nomunye. Njengoba isibonelo sikwazi ukuthatha ndaba ochungechungeni alkanes. izinhlobo isakhi isomerism ka alkanes uvumele abanye izinto aguqule ibe isoalkanes. Ngakho, kwandisa embonini octane nophethiloli. Kuhle kokusho ukuthi izakhiwo ezinjalo zibaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa imboni.

Izinhlobo isomerism zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu.

isomers wezakhiwo futhi ezahlukeneyo zalo

I isomerism kwesakhiwo - esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso esenzeka lapho isomers zingafani isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. Kukhona baye bathola inombolo kohlobo oluthile

1. Isomerism we skeleton carbon. umumo okunjalo esivamile okwesikhathi carbon futhi lihlotshaniswa ngendlela ehlukile isibopho phakathi ama-athomu carbon.

2. Isomers phezu Isimo iqembu sokusebenza. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa isikhundla ezahlukene iqembu obusebenzayo noma amaqembu e-molecule. Njengoba isibonelo, 4-2-hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.

3. Isomers izibopho amaningi. By endleleni, lapha zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu isomerism ka alkenes. I isomers zingafani isikhundla isibopho unsaturated.

4. Isomerism yeqembu sokusebenza. Kulokhu, ingqikithi ketshezi lugcinwa, kodwa izakhiwo kanye nohlobo amaqembu kunazo obusebenzayo washintsha. Njengoba isibonelo, dimethyl-ether , futhi ethanol.

izinhlobo Spatial of isomerism

Stereoisomers (isikhala) ephathelene orientation ezahlukene molecule sakhiwo lesifanako.

1. isomers optical (enantiomers). Leli fomu ehlangene ukujikeleza amaqembu obusebenzayo emhlabeni zokuxhumana quin. Ezimweni eziningi ketshezi ine carbon athomu quin okuyinto banamathele substituents ezine. Ngakho, ukujikeleza indiza ka nokwehlukana ukukhanya. Lokhu kukhipha okuthiwa esibukweni antipodes futhi isomers. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lona wamuva zinezikhathi kakhulu ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.

2. diastereomers. Le nkulumo ibhekisela kumuntu isomerism kwendawo, ngenxa lapho izinto abumane antipodes.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi khona isomers esingenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yenani carbon izibopho. Ukuqhubeka skeleton carbon, aba maningi inani isomers kungase zimiswe.