Uyini esejwayelekile yesixazululo? Indlela ukucacisa esejwayelekile yesixazululo? Formula isixazululo esejwayelekile

Nge izixazululo izinto ezahlukene sihlangana nsuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba ngamunye wethu uyajabula ngokuthi, indima indlela enkulu lesi simiso. Okunengi ukuziphatha kwabo kwaba sobala namuhla, sibonga ukutadishwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi abaningi imigomo ziye kwethulwa, sona umuntu ovamile. Omunye wabo - the esejwayelekile yesixazululo. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu. Futhi sizoqala nge ungqumukela phakathi esidlule.

ucwaningo umlando

I izingqondo lokuqala elikhanyayo, ukuqala ekutadisheni izixazululo bebelokhu baziwa ngokuphakamisa bamakhemikhali ezifana Arrhenius, van't Hoff futhi Ostwald. Ngaphansi kwethonya umsebenzi wabo isizukulwane esilandelayo bamakhemikhali waqala lokumba cwaningo yamanzi futhi alulaze izixazululo. Yiqiniso, ziye zanqwabelana omningi ulwazi, kodwa ngaphandle ukunakwa wahlala izixazululo ze-non-aqueous, ngenhlanhla, futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile kokubili umkhakha nakowezenhlalo yizenzo zabantu.

Okwazekayo, izixazululo ze-non-aqueous kwadingeka eziningi ezingaziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amanzi nge okwandisa degree dissociation ka anda conductivity ukubaluleka ke uhlelo efanayo, kodwa nomunye kuphela kunokuba amanzi, kuphambene. Amanani Small conductivity kagesi ngokuvamile ukuze ngezinga eliphezulu dissociation. Anomalies zagxila ososayensi bakwazi ukucwaninga lo mkhakha wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Iye efunde semali ngokucubungula idatha kungenzeka ukuthola amaphethini umphelelisi imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuba bandise ulwazi mayelana electrolysis futhi mayelana nesimo ion eyinkimbinkimbi organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili.

Khona-ke ngenkuthalo baqala ukuqhuba ucwaningo emkhakheni izixazululo kanzulu. izinhlelo ezinjalo sihluke kakhulu izakhiwo kusukela buhlanjululwe ngenxa yokuthi ukwanda lokuhlushwa izinto ziyoncibilika ngokuya indima ebalulekile udlalwa by ukuxhumana kwayo ne-kuphela. Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi le - ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

ithiyori

Okwamanje, uchaza engcono ukuziphatha ion, ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane e kwesixazululo imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic. Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, Svante Arrhenius ekhulwini XIX, ke uye washintsha abanye. Ezinye imithetho ziye zatholakala (ezifana umthetho dilution), okuyinto eziningana akazange angena theory classical. Kodwa, ngenxa yomsebenzi okwalandela lososayensi, imfundiso iye kushintshiwe, njengoba injalo manje ke isasekhona nangokunembile uchaza imiphumela etholwe izindlela zokuhlola.

Ingqikithi oyinhloko we -mbono yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic ukuthi imfuyo uma siphela disintegrates ku ion yayo ingxenye - izinhlayiya ukuthi abe kwenkokhelo. Kuye ikhono ukukhipha (Nqamula) ngaphandle, ukuhlukanisa electrolyte abanamandla nababuthaka. Namandla ngokuvamile Nqamula ngokuphelele ku ion e isixazululo, kuyilapho ababuthakathaka - ngezinga elincane kakhulu.

I izinhlayiya kulo i-molecule ye angase uxhumane kuphela. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi solvation. Kodwa awusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi kwenzeke, njengoba ngenxa yokubakhona icala phezu ion kanye nama-molecule kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-molecule yamanzi kuyinto dipole, isb kuyizinhlayiyana, icala ngakolunye uhlangothi kahle futhi ngakolunye - ezingezinhle. A-ion, okuyinto ukuncibilikisa electrolyte, futhi, abe kwenkokhelo. Ngakho, lezi zinhlayiya bakhangwa izinhlangothi oppositely icala. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kuphela kumakhemikhali awuketshezi polar (unjalo amanzi). Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-isixazululo into e hexane solvation ingekho.

Ukuze ukufunda izixazululo ngokuvamile badinga ukwazi inani solute. Ifomula ngezinye izikhathi ezinzima kushintshwe ezinye ezidlula. Ngakho-ke, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana lokuhlala, phakathi kwawo - the esejwayelekile yesixazululo. Manje sizokutshela ngokuningiliziwe ngazo zonke izindlela ukuveza okuqukethwe ketshezi ikhambi nezindlela sibalo yayo.

I lokuhlushwa ikhambi

Ngo-chemistry, isicelo iqoqo amafomula, futhi ezinye zazo zakhiwa ukuze isimo sikuvumela ukuthi uthathe ukubaluleka ngendlela ethile.

Eyokuqala, futhi ajwayelekile kakhulu kithi, lokuhlushwa ifomu yokukhuluma - the ingxenyenamba mass. Kulinganiselwa kakhulu ukumane. Sidinga nje ukwabelana okuningi ketshezi isixazululo ku isisindo sayo ngokuphelele. Ngakho sithola impendulo njengoba ledesimali. Phindaphinda leyo nombolo ekhubazekile, siyothola impendulo njengoba amaphesenti.

Kancane kancane ifomu eyaziwa - the ingxenyenamba ivolumu. Ivame ukutholakala lasetjentiswa kute kuvetwe lotshwala izinhlobo zophuzo oludakayo. Kubalwa liphinde esicacile: bahlukanise inani solute yenqwaba isixazululo ingqikithi. Njengoba esimweni esedlule, kungenzeka ukuba uthole impendulo njengoba amaphesenti. Amalebula avamise ukubizwa, "u-40%.", Okuchaza ukuthi amaphesenti angu-40 ivolumu.

I chemical livame ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinhlobo okuhlushwa. Kodwa ungakahambi kubo bese ucoca ngalokho imvukuzane lomcebo. Inani lemithi kungenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukene: ivolumu mass. Kodwa amangqamuzana lomcebo ngamunye has isisindo ayo isisindo isampuli ayiqondakali ukuthi amangqamuzana kuwo, futhi kubalulekile ukuba baqonde ingxenye ambalwa of kugucuka zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yale njongo value enjalo iye kwetfulwa uyinto imvukuzane. Empeleni, omunye imvukuzane - inombolo ethile yezakhi: 6.02 * 10 ^23. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi inombolo Avogadro. Ezimweni eziningi, iyunithi efana kuyinto Mol izinto esetshenziswa ukubala inani noma iyiphi imikhiqizo ukuphendula. Kule ndaba, kukhona enye indlela yokukhuluma emakamu - izinyo lomhlathi. Lena yokuthi liphansi izinga per unit ivolumu. Molarity obonakaliswe Mol / l (funda: amavukuzi ilitha).

Kukhona kakhulu efana ifomu yangaphambili okuqukethwe inkulumo efana ohlelweni: molality. It ihlukile molarity ukuthi inquma inani ayinto engekho ivolumu unit and per unit mass. Futhi obonakaliswe amavukuzi kilogram (noma omunye eziningi Ngokwesibonelo igremu) ngayinye.

Nanku ifomu wokugcina, okuyinto manje okuxoxwa eceleni, njengoba incazelo yalo idinga ulwazi oluncane theory.

I esejwayelekile yesixazululo

Kuyini lokhu? Futhi sihluke ukubaluleka odlule? Ukuze uqale ukuqonda umahluko phakathi imiqondo ezifana esejwayelekile futhi molarity izixazululo. Eqinisweni, bayehluka ngu nenani elilodwa kuphela - isibalo kwefrakshini. Manje ungase ucabange ukuthi isixazululo evamile. Kumane molarity ukushintshwa. inombolo Ekvivaletnosti kubonisa isibalo izinhlayiya ukuthi kungaba asabela nomunye imvukuzane hydrogen ion noma ion hydroxide.

Thina wazi ukuthi ikhambi evamile. Kodwa kufanele umbe ujule, futhi sizobona ukuthi elula lokhu, ukuma eyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlushwa incazelo lapho uwubona okokuqala. Ngakho, siyowuqonda ngokuningiliziwe iyini esejwayelekile yesixazululo.

ifomula

bekulula ukucabanga ukubonakaliswa incazelo ngamazwi. Kungaba: C _n = z * n / N. Lapha z - ukulingana isici, n - nenani ketshezi, V - ivolumu yesixazululo. Inani lokuqala - ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Njengoba isikhathi futhi kukhombisa izidakamizwa okulingana, isb isibalo izinhlayiya yangempela noma ngengqondo uyakwazi basabela omunye nomunye okungenani kuyizinhlayiyana izidakamizwa. Lokhu, empeleni, esimeni esejwayelekile yesixazululo, okuyinto yayimelelwe ifomula kokungaphezulu qualitatively sihluke molarity.

Futhi manje enye ingxenye ebalulekile: indlela ukucacisa esejwayelekile yesixazululo. Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu kungesinye inkinga ebalulekile, ngakho ukufunda kubalulekile ukuba asondele oliqondayo inani ngalinye aboniswe kule ndaba engenhla.

Indlela yokuthola esejwayelekile yesixazululo?

Ifomula, esixoxe kabanzi ngazo ngenhla, kungokokwakhiwa uhlamvu luyingxenye esisebenzayo. Zonke amanani ocashunwe ephephandabeni lase-ke, kungaba kalula ibalwa practice. esejwayelekile Ngempela ngekhompyutha yesixazululo Kulula, ukwazi ezinye izinto eziningi: solute isisindo, ifomula kanye nekhambi yayo ivolumu. Njengoba sazi ifomula zishintshe efana ke singathola yayo isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Isilinganiso isisindo isampula solute kwalo mass izinyo lomhlathi ilingana nenani amavukuzi lomcebo. Futhi ngokwazi ivolumu yesixazululo Imininingwane, singakwazi ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi thina izinyo lomhlathi lokuhlushwa.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthi kudingeka bachithe ukuze ukubala esejwayelekile yesixazululo - kuba isenzo sokuthola kwefrakshini izici. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka siqonde kangakanani yalokho we dissociation izinhlayiya kwakheka babiza ama-proton noma hydroxyl ion. Ngokwesibonelo, e-sulfuric acid ekvivaletnosti isici 2, ngakhoke esejwayelekile yesixazululo kulokhu ibalwa ngokumane siphindaphindeka ngokuhlela 2 molarity.

isicelo

Ngo-analytics chemical ngokuvamile kufanele uthembele esejwayelekile futhi molarity izixazululo. Kuyinto elula kakhulu vychileniya amafomula yamangqamuzana izinto.

Yini enye ukuhlola?

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini le esejwayelekile yesixazululo, kungcono ukuvula incwadi kwemithi jikelele. Futhi uma kakade konke lokhu kwaziswa, kufanele ubheke yephuzu ithempulethi yengqikithi abafundi amakhono zamakhemikhali.

isiphetho

Ngenxa yesihloko esithi, ngicabanga ukuthi nawe uqonde ukuthi esimeni esejwayelekile yesixazululo - ke kuyindlela yokukhuluma we lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa, esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali. Futhi manje-ke akuyona imfihlo nokuthi ibalwe kanjani.