Umthetho Raoult sika.

umthetho Raoult wamiswa emuva ngo-1887 omunye zesayensi edume kakhulu French. Igama lakhe abunikezayo. umthetho Raoult lususelwe uxhumano ezithile ukuthi kuncishiswe ingcindezi umusi we dilution ka-non-electrolyte. Ngokuqhathanisa ingcindezi ukunciphisa elifakwe ambalwa ncamashí ne ingxenyenamba imvukuzane we ketshezi buhlanjululwe. Lo mthetho alethwe usosayensi French ukutadisha ahlukahlukene izixazululo uketshezi (non-oluyingozi) kanye izinto (eziqinile).

Kusukela Law Raoult sika kungafundwa ukuthi ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa abilayo noma wehlise kwezinga-qhwa yesixazululo buhlanjululwe in a isilinganiso ne Ingxenye izinyo lomhlathi izidakamizwa undiluted ekuqongeleleni kanye esetshenziswa ukuthola yayo isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Ikhambi ekahle libizwa ukuze zonke izici zayo uvumelane nezidingo ezifanele yomthetho Raul. izixazululo Okuningi eseduze angabhekwa kuphela labo abangabakhe amagesi non-elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye uketshezi. Lokho, bakha amangqamuzana akudingeki sokushintsha indlela yayo ekhona ensimini kagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini ukuvezwa kuyoba zero. Khona-ke izindawo izixazululo kuyoba lula ukuthola, ngoba kubalulekile ukucabangela yokuqala kuphela impahla ingxenye futhi proportionality zabo, lapho kuhlangana kwenzeka ngendlela haticheskim.

Ngalezi izixazululo wenze ukubala enjalo cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngenxa ukwakheka izixazululo, ngokuvamile uphehla ukushisa, noma isimo kwenzeka okuphambene - lokhu isixazululo ubamba ukushisa ngokwako.

It ngokuthi inqubo exothermic lapho ukushisa isizukulwane kwenzeka, futhi inqubo endothermic - eyodwa, lapho matasa.

izakhiwo Colligative yesixazululo yilezo ikakhulu sincike lokuhlushwa ikhambi, kunokuba kusukela yemvelo lwenkomo olufakwe amanzi izidakamizwa zemvelo. Ubukhulu elikhulu Colligative kukhona ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa umnkantsha ikhambi ngokwayo ingcindezi ezilinganiselwe we evala kuphela.

Umthetho wokuqala Raul ihlanganisa ingcindezi kanzulu of umusi phezu ikhambi ngezithako zawo. Incazelo mthetho kulotshiwe kanje: Pi = Pio * Xi.

I ezilinganiselwe ingcindezi umusi zanqwabelana izixazululo yezingxenye ngokuqondile ezilinganiselwe nenani imvukuzane yayo zingxenyana ikhambi. Coefficient proportionality ilingana ingcindezi umusi ngaphezu kanzulu ingxenye zingaxazululeki.

Kusukela yi ihlanganiswa amafraktjhini imvukuzane izingxenye yonke izixazululo 1, bese ikhambi kanambambili ehlanganisa izingxenye ezifana A no-B, singakwazi ngokuthini okuholela isilinganiso futhi kuvumelana inkulumo umthetho wokuqala Raoult sika: (P0A-PA) / P0A = XB.

Umthetho Raul yesibili - lokhu is phetho umthetho wokuqala, yaqanjwa usosayensi waseFrance. Lo mthetho isebenza kuphela izisombululo alulaze.

Ukunciphisa okokuqandisa iphuzu izixazululo buhlanjululwe ngokucophelela kwendaba-non-oluyingozi ngokulingana ngqo ekuqongeleleni izixazululo molal, futhi abanayo noma ikuphi ukulutheka ku izinto zemvelo buhlanjululwe: T0fr-Tfr = Tfr = Km.

Ukwandisa emvuthwandaba izisombululo buhlanjululwe izidakamizwa ezingekho oluyingozi kungukuthi kuncike uhlobo ketshezi buhlanjululwe, futhi kuba ithunzi elehlayo ingxenye izixazululo molal: T0b-TB = I-TB = Em .

Ebullioskopicheskaya njalo, isb kkoeffitsient E - umehluko phakathi ngqo isixazululo abilayo lokushisa futhi isixazululo undiluted ngokuphelele.

njalo Cryoscopic, okusho ukuthi, K Coefficient - umehluko phakathi izinga lokushisa isixazululo ukuqanda isixazululo undiluted ngokuphelele.