"Huygens-Cassini" - othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary: Ukutadisha Saturn

Saturn - ucwaningo emhlabeni wonke eyodwa amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga wethulwa 1973. ososayensi American esiteshini interplanetary ngokuthi "Pioneer 11" kwakhululwa emkhathini. Lokhu kwasenza sakwazi ukufunda okuningi mayelana planet elikude futhi ongaqondakali, bheka yobuhle balo nokuhlala ukuhlola okukha phezulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi baye baqaphela ukuthi badinga ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana giant cosmic, kodwa yinto ehlukile. Futhi mission of amadivaysi amabili "Cassini" yasungulwa le njongo, "Huygens". Isithakazelo emhlabeni ngeke kuphela ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezici zayo, kodwa kungase kube isiqalo ucwaningo olusha ezisunguliwe emhlabeni. Ngaphezu izithombe elihle Saturn, iyunithi futhi lokudlulisa ukubunjwa inhlabathi, ukuphakama eziguquguqukayo ezahlukene, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kusiza sihlolisise giant isikhala iziphuphutheki. Mhlawumbe ngokwazi okwengeziwe ngabo, siyokwazi ukuthi ukwembula izimfihlakalo yonke grand, futhi namanje kwadingeka kakhulu impela.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana umshini

Ukuthumela umsebenzi US kwadingeka achithe ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zamaRandi ukuze afeze lwezocwaningo planet elikude. Abathathu inhlangano edume kakhulu futhi abanamakhono, ukuhlola isikhala, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa nokwakhiwa imishini, ngaphezu, amazwe nesikhombisa ezahlukene ezimpini inqubo. Bazenzelé idivayisi, owawungumnyaka ukuphakama kwamamitha ayishumi futhi kwethulwa isisindo kwaba cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kasithupha amathani. Okuzenzakalelayo esiteshini "Huygens" kwaba ifakwe amathuluzi esayensi nambili, kanye isigxobo ngokuba magnetometer nobude wiring amakhilomitha nane. Kwakungesinye eqolo futhi kubalulekile ukufunda ngemisebenzi eyenziwa yonke ngaleso sikhathi.

Idivayisi iyunithi "Cassini"

Ukuxhumana Umhlaba bahlakulele inkampani Italy. It ibahlomisé iyunithi imitha ezine-antenna. Ngenxa endaweni ayezoba ukusebenzisa ama-solar panel baye banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo ukusebenzisa, ngoba ngeke kube khona noma yimuphi umuzwa. Kunalokho, njengoba generator wamandla asetshenziswa ezintathu radioisotope generator thermoelectric futhi. Bagcwalise amakhilogremu amathathu nantathu plutonium enemisebe ikakhulukazi osebenza njengokuvimbelayo nophethiloli. Le mali kwanele iminyaka engamakhulu amabili wokusebenza. By the way, cishe uhhafu isisindo esiteshini "Huygens-Cassini" iyona fuel ngawo umshini braked, waya emzileni Saturn, nokufeza eminye edingekayo ukuze aqondisa umsebenzi.

"Huygens"

Lena Uphenyo Isikhala evamile, okuyinto uhlela Abadali kwadingeka umhlaba phezu inyanga giant - Titan. Inama amathuluzi eziyisithupha elakhelwe kuhlolwe kwenyanga. Futhi, ikhamera ukuphila kokubili emanzini nasezweni, eyenzelwe ekuthumbeni namathafa satellite ngaleso sikhathi neze ufundwa izazi. isisindo salo 350 kilograms. Ukuhlanganisa nge Cassini olwenziwa kuya indiza ngokuhlanganyela, ngoba mission of izinto ezimbili kukhona eduze komunye nomunye.

indiza

Ngo-October 15, 1997 kwethulwa esiteshini "Cassini" futhi unamathele imoto yakhe "Huygens" ukufunda Saturn. Ukuthumela isiteshi emkhathini, ukusetshenziswa ezikhethekile yenethiwekhi rocket okuthiwa "Titan 4B". Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukusebenzisa amandla angeziwe, waqinisekisa ukusheshisa into, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "Centaur". Uma idivayisi bekumele ufike esikhumulweni Venus. Ngenxa yalesi kwakugcwele izimbangela eziningi, ngoba, njengoba usho Cosmonauts emthaleni ayikho imigwaqo eqondile. Kunonophisa iyunithi wasiza emkhakheni okudonsa amaplanethi ezintathu. Ukuze ugweme ukumosha imithombo, ngenkathi ezindizayo ukuya endaweni oya kuyo, esiteshini isetshenziswa kuphela amaphesenti ambalwa amakhono abo.

Eyokuqala izithombe

Ngifika Cassini Huygens nobusika 2000. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke wathumela Umhlaba izithombe lokuqala Saturn kwikota yokuqala yenyanga, uhlobo kuze kube manje Earthlings engaziwa. Abacwaningi baye bathola izithombe we satellite uFibhi, okuyinto lutho esingaphansi iplanethi enkulu, ososayensi unesithakazelo. It yaba newozawoza Okuyınqo, ngokokuqala wabokuqala ngingalenza ngibone ngokucacile ukuthi iyiphi into isikhala.

satellite uFibhi

Ngenxa izithombe wayebona ukuthi uFibhi kufana kakhulu ukubukeka ukubaluleka amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili le nguzunga, futhi lokho ayelakho ifomu okungalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi kuya kuba senziwa leqhwa has nesakhiwo inkanyezi enomsila. Lezi ososayensi idatha eduze ukuqonda izimfihlakalo uhlelo Saturnian.

Sun ukukhanya emasongweni ezineqhwa ka-Saturn

Njengoba ayenqobe ibanga Saturn, "Cassini" wangena umzila wokuzungeza iplanethi. Kwathi phakathi ehlobo lika-2004. Endleleni wahlangana izithiyo ezimbili kuphela, kodwa akazange abangele umonakalo eziphawuleka ngokukhethekile. Ngaphambi kokufika emhlabeni, wenzé ezungeza 74 emhlabeni Saturn, ke ukumthatha cishe iminyaka emine. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi wafundiswa ebusweni giant kanye iziphuphutheki yayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esiteshini landizela emhlabeni Titan izikhathi 45.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko

"Huygens", "Cassini" ithunyelwe ku-Saturn ukuba bahlole iplanethi, okuyilezi:

• Tfola sakhiwo kanye ukucacisa ukuziphatha izindandatho kule planethi.
• Funda isakhiwo Geological nomlando izinyanga Saturn.
• Ukuze ukwazi isimo futhi lapho kwakukhona khona esimnyama kwelinye ama- we satellite Iapetus.
• Ukuphenya isakhiwo nokuziphatha Magnetosphere.
• Ukuphenya isakhiwo kwamafu futhi ufunde indlela umkhathi liziphatha.
• Funda kabanzi mayelana yenkungu ifu ikhava Titan.
• Nquma ubunjalo ebusweni Titan.

Amathuluzi elizimisele

"Huygens", "Cassini" ayenendawo spectrometer emhlabeni bakwazi ukuthola idivayisi yakhiwa amakhadi iplanethi. Waphinde wamisa isimiso ukuthatha izithombe "Radar". Ngalo walinganisa ubude bezinto emhlabeni satellite. "Radar" usebenza ngokusebenzisa amaza omsakazo, okutshengisa satellite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, walalela umsakazo, okuyinto ishicilela iplanethi. imishini engeziwe kuhlanganisa: a ion mass spectrometer nezinhlayiyana hlangothi, i-plasma, futhi amagagasi omsakazo ikhamera magnetospheric, i uHlelo LweDeskithophu Ekude ultraviolet i ikhamera infrared, a subsystem magnetometer futhi yenuzi RF generator.

indiza Chronicle

• 1997 - Ukuhamba ukusuka eMhlabeni.
• 1998 - the iqhinga kuqala ku Venus kanye kudalwa izithombe eziningi amnandi nangenakulibaleka planethi.
• 2000 - flying nge Masurski elisemkhathini ngokusebenzisa esiteshini sithole ukuthi ubukhulu bayo ingamakhilomitha angu-20, okuyinto kwawuthonya kakhulu ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
• 2000 - Ngo-December, wahamba ngebhanoyi esidlule Jupiter, okwenza umbala izithombe eziningi futhi siqhuba inani lezifundo ezibalulekile.
• 2001 - ekutholakaleni ufasimbe endleleni esuka Jupiter Saturn, lena izimpawu zokuqala kuyo umlaza we-Pleiades.
• 2004 - flying esidlule Titan futhi ukuthola kriovulkana ne-nitrogen eningi ice ugeleza ngakho, eyaba ukuzwa emhlabeni ukuhlola umkhathi.
• 2004 - ngobusuku December 25 kwenzeka Uphenyo legatsha "Cassini".
• 2005 - "Cassini" wahlala ngempumelelo Titan, wathatha ingxenye yakhe mission.

umsebenzi Imiphumela

Ngosizo ososayensi bakwazile ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa theory jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto. Ngalesi sikhathi, abacwaningi baphawula imvamisa shift bese isignali ukubambezeleka. Ngo-2005 kwaba kungenzeka ukutadisha spokes of Saturn, kodwa akazange asize ukuqonda indlela yokudalwa kwayo. Kukholakala ukuthi kulandela spokes sizalwe 2007. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idivayisi uvunyelwe ukuthola iziphuphutheki entsha yale planethi Meto, Palen futhi Polidesis. Futhi ngo-May, igebe Keeler wathola omunye umngane, ngokuthi Daphnis, lena satellite yesibili, ogama ukulokho ngaphakathi emasongweni iplanethi. Kwaba ukuthola ice amanzi phezu uFibhi. Futhi, abacwaningi bathola e Nenkabazwe okusamanzi hydrocarbon echibini Titan sika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi yisikhathi sokuqala ososayensi bathole izidumbu yamanzi endaweni ethile ngaphandle Earth. Ngenxa probe "Cassini" yabe seyaziwa ukuthi ubukhulu babo kuhluka kumuntu ukuba namakhulu amakhilomitha. Ngo-2007, kwathiwa ukuthi engxenyeni esenyakatho Titan wembula lokuhlushwa ezinkulu zezilwandle. Ngonyaka owawandulele, ososayensi abakufundile nangenye puzzle, okuhlanganisa i-Saturn, "Cassini" atholakala isakhiwo asemkhathini, okuyinto isiphepho olunezinhlangothi e ayizinkulungwane 25 amakhilomitha.

isandiso mission

Ukunquma kuzokwenzekani kudivayisi ngemva kokuba igcwaliswe umgomo wayo, ososayensi baye basungula zimo ezimbalwa esiteshini "Huygens-Cassini". Phambili kunayo kanye nokhetho olufunekayo, ezihlongozwayo onjiniyela, kwaba ukuhoxiswa idivayisi uzungeza emzileni side of Saturn. Inzuzo yayo wukuthi esiteshini wayeyoqhubeka fly emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakungeke ebhekene iziphuphutheki yayo, noma nezinye izithiyo ezingase zithinte ubuqotho bayo.

Samuntu yesibili ezihlongozwayo abasebenzi besikhungo nocwaningo, yisona iziteshi ekutholeni e emkhathini we-Saturn. Kodwa kukhona inkinga eyodwa ukuba benze kanjalo, kwakuyodingeka ube uyibambe emasongweni kule planethi. Kulokhu, ematfuba ukulahlekelwa ukulawula idivayisi, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, futhi isiphetho engaziwa ukuthi balindelwe ku-Saturn "Cassini".

Kwathiwa ezihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa esiteshini ukuze uhlole amanye izinto zasezulwini Kuiper ibhande, kuhlanganise i-Uranus ne-Neptune. Ikhumbula isitokwe amafutha kanye tool ungakuphi esiteshini kalula lapho zibhekene nomsebenzi futhi basizwe ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana izingxenye elaziwayo elincane yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary wayezokwethula ke sisendleleni ukungqubuzana Mercury. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kungenzeka, uma sisebenzisa emkhakheni adonsela phansi Jupiter. Khona iyakuthi kwabangakwesokhohlo fly to the iplanethi ngesivinini amakhilomitha ngehora futhi ngaphandle umonakalo 20 ukuze ngokwabo sibhekene kahle isihloko ifundelwe. Ngokusho kwalezi zinhlelo, abantu abangaba ngu-2021 bazokwazi okunye ukuhlola Mercury, isakhiwo, isakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa.

Kodwa isinqumo abavumelene sathathwa ngo-2007 ukuthi esiteshini wasala emzileni Saturn. Okubukwa planethi lusaqhubeka, satellite njalo okuhambisa izithombe yalesi giant ezimangalisayo emhlabeni, ukuze uveze kithi izimfihlo entsha okude kodwa akwaziwa ngokuphelele Saturn, ibanga lapho sakwazi ukunqoba ngosizo ososayensi adumile nokuthuthukiswa ufisa ukwazi yonke. Yiqiniso, wachitha imali eningi, isikhathi esiningi nokuzikhandla, kodwa siqiniseke ngokugcwele singasho ukuthi angizisoli. Phela, njengoba sifunda okwengeziwe ezweni elisizungezile, ngcono sizwisise thina. ukuhlola umkhathi ngonyaka ukuthuthukisa, kanye, owazi, mhlawumbe mission eduze Saturn ayisekho bazocula umsebenzi esiteshini othomathikhi, futhi lapha kwakukhona iqembu osomkhathi oqeqeshiwe. Kunoma ikuphi, idivayisi wenza ukuba emzileni yavula ulwazi lwabantu hhayi kuphela ewusizo, kodwa futhi izithombe eziyingqayizivele le planet elikude futhi emuhle.