Umnyango Izitshalo "gymnosperms": izimpawu, izimpawu zesakhiwo, izibonelo

Izitshalo bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu emvelweni, njengoba ziyakwazi ye-photosynthesis. Lena inqubo lapho lesi sihlahla isikhutha, amanzi kanye amandla elanga ithola i izakhi kanye likhipha umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, sibonga izitshalo Emhlabeni angaba khona izilwane futhi thina sikanye nawe.

Ukwahlukaniswa izitshalo

Zonke umbuso izitshalo kuhlukaniswe eziyishumi:

• Kelp.
• ulwelwe Green.
• Oluluhlaza ulwelwe.
• ulwelwe Red.
• Sabalalisa Moss umndeni.
• Fern.
• Horsetail.
• Lycopsids.
• Angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms.

Phakathi kwalezi izitshalo kukhona amaqembu amabili ungabahlukanisa kuye isakhiwo:

• aphansi;
• ephakeme.

Ukuze zihlanganisa zonke izigaba engezansi ulwelwe, kusukela abanalo kwamangqamuzana kwezicubu. Umzimba ayinakho izitho. It 's ngokuthi thallus.

izitshalo ephakeme, kuye ngokuthi indlela ukuveza zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• spore;
• imbewu.

By spore kukhona Fern, lycopsids, ukusakaza Moss, Horsetail.

Ukuze imbewu isikhundla neminyango gymnosperms futhi angiosperms.

Mayelana gymnosperms, sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi kulesi sihloko.

Ukwahlukaniswa gymnosperms

taxon Landelayo ukuthi ivelele kuzo zonke izingxenye zombuso, "Izitshalo" - isigaba. Gymnosperms zihlukaniswe amakilasi amane:

1. Gnetalians.
2. Ginkgo.
3. Sagovnikovye (cycads).
4. AmaConifers.

'Abamele kanye izici ekilasini ngalinye sizoxoxa kamuva. Manje, izici ezivamile zonke gymnosperms, izitho zomzimba wabo eziphilayo ezocatshangelwa.

Gymnosperms: isakhiwo izitshalo

Lo mnyango libhekisela izitshalo ephakeme. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba wabo siqukethe izitho, okuyinto zakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene izindwangu.

Amachibi gymnosperms

Kuye indawo izidumbu, bona zingahlukaniswa zibe ngaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba. Sikhishwe umsebenzi wabo futhi isakhiwo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa vegetative futhi izitho okuzala.

izitho vegetative: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Leli qembu zemizimba, kuyinto komhlaba uhlelo impande kanye emhlabathini yokuphunyuka.

Uhlelo impande siqukethe izimpande abaningi, kuhlanganise master eyodwa futhi izimpande abaningi lateral kungathiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sitshalo ukuze badle ifa eyengeziwe kanye rootlets.

Umsuka has imisebenzi efana:

• Ivikela isitshalo emhlabathini.
• Ukumuncwa amanzi nge ziyoncibilika micro-futhi Macro.
• Ezokuthutha yamanzi namaminerali ziyoncibilika emagunyeni umhlaba.
• Ngezinye izikhathi - isitoreji izakhamzimba.

Escape - liphinde uhlelo zemizimba. It siqukethe le isiqu, amacembe kanye efihlekile.

ukubaleka umsebenzi isitho:

• Stem: ukwesekwa kanye ezokuthutha umsebenzi, ukuhlinzeka isixhumanisi phakathi izimpande namaqabunga.
• Ihamba: i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, igesi exchange, izinga lokushisa isiqondiso.
• Izinso kuthiwa akhiwa amahlumela amasha.

Gymnosperms futhi angiosperms babe izitho efanayo vegetative, kodwa izitho okuzala abahluke.

izitho okuzala ka gymnosperms

izitho okuzala - yibo ukunikeza kabusha umzimba. Ngo angiosperms lokhu - imbali. Kodwa uMnyango isitshalo "gymnosperms" ikakhulukazi ifa izitho okuzala, efana uhlevane. Ecwebezelayo kakhulu izibonelo ezibukwayo kukhona sonwele and kaphayini Izigaxa.

Isakhiwo Izigaxa

Kuyinto amahlumela Ushintshe, embozwe izikali. Kukhona Izigaxa iduna nensikazi, okuyinto akhiwa besilisa ubulili amaseli zesifazane (gametes), ngokulandelana.

Iduna nensikazi zikaphayini Izigaxa kungabonakala isithombe ngezansi njengesibonelo.

Kukhona abameleli abavela gymnosperms, lapho izitshalo owesilisa nowesifazane bahlale besengosini ye-isitshalo esisodwa. Zibizwa ngokuthi monoecious. Futhi kukhona gymnosperms dioecious. Sinenkosi besilisa Izigaxa besifazane kukhona ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Nokho, umnyango isitshalo "gymnosperms" ikakhulukazi monoecious.

On isikali Izigaxa zesifazane zitholakala ovules ezimbili, okuyinto akhiwa gametes zesifazane - amaqanda.

On isikali Izigaxa besilisa kukhona impova izikhwama. Bakha impova, equkethe isidoda - wobulili amaseli besilisa.

Lapho sibuyekeze nokwakheka gymnosperms, khuluma ngezinto ukwanda kwabo.

Njengoba pine Izigaxa ikhula

gymnosperms ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzeka nge imbewu. Bona, ngokungafani imbewu nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, kungukuthi sizungezwe izithelo.

Gymnosperms ukukhiqizwa kabusha iqala neqiniso ukuthi izitshalo ngaphakathi kwenkathi ethile izinso ezimise amahlumela Ushintshe - besilisa Izigaxa zesifazane. Eceleni kwabo kwakhiwa impova neqanda ngokulandelana.

Impova Izigaxa zesifazane livela emoyeni.

Ngemva kweqanda we ovules, okuyinto zitholakala isikali Izigaxa zesifazane, imbewu ukuthuthukisa. Kulawa, bese abameleli entsha gymnosperms akhiwa.

Kusukela lokho kwezicubu kuthiwa emizimbeni sakhiwa?

Izitshalo umnyango "gymnosperms" kanye nazo zonke phezulu, yakhiwa kwezicubu ezahlukene.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo kwezicubu:

• Enamathela. Lezi izindwangu yenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Basuke luhlukaniswe epidermis, ukhokho futhi ukhokho. I epidermis ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zalesi sihlahla. It has stomata for negesi lokushintshisana. Lungase camera isendlalelo zokuzivikela wax. Kumiswa ipulaki is esiqwini, izimpande, iingojwana ihlumela izikali. Cork - ke lendwangu esehlanganise yakhiwa amangqamuzana afile nge igobolondo bok. Siqukethe emagxolweni gymnosperms.
• Mechanical. Lokhu Indwangu ihlinzeka amandla Isiqu. It ihlukaniswe yaba collenchyma futhi sclerenchyma. Eyokuqala wayemelele amangqamuzana aphilayo nge amagobolondo awugqinsi. Sclerenchyma yakhiwa amangqamuzana afile nge igobolondo bok. Imicu yotshani Mechanical kufakwe kwezicubu conductive eziqukethwe sifanamsindvo gymnosperms.
• Indwangu main. Ukuthi ngesisekelo zonke izitho. Into ebaluleke kakhulu izicubu eyisisekelo - nokwenziwa. Kuyinto ngesisekelo amaqabunga. Amaseli lokhu izicubu inqwaba chloroplast. Lapha futhi photosynthesis senzeka. Futhi esikhathini samanje gymnosperms izitho ezifana uhlobo Stocking base Indwangu. It abuthele resin izakhi, njll
• Indwangu conductive. Luhlukaniswe xylem futhi phloem. Xylem futhi ngokuthi ukhuni phloem - kunjalo. Basuke etholakala isiqu kanye amagatsha zalesi sihlahla. Xylem isitsha siqukethe gymnosperms. Inikeza zokuhamba amanzi nge izinto okuwuketshezi yempande amahlamvu. Phloem gymnosperms zinhlobo emelelwa amashubhu ngesihlungo. Lub yakhelwe ukuthuthwa izinto kusukela amaqabunga impande.
• Indwangu Sikhungo. Kulawa, zonke ezinye zezicubu gymnosperms, okuvela kulo zonke izinhlaka zakhiwa. Basuke ihlukaniswe apical, ezilingene ejotshelelwayo. Apical esisogwini phezulu ihlumela, kanye emaphethelweni impande. Indwangu Side zemfundo obizwa cambium. Itholakala isiqu esihlahleni phakathi ukhuni Bast. Indwangu ejotshelelwayo emfundo interstices e base. Kukhona futhi zemfundo isilonda izicubu ezenzeka endaweni umonakalo.

Ngakho sabuka nokwakheka gymnosperms. Manje phenya nabameli babo.

Gymnosperms: izibonelo

Njengoba vele sesiyazi ukuthi ukwakha kanjani isitshalo we umnyango, ake sibheke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo. Okulandelayo uzobe kuchazwe ngabameli amakilasi ezahlukene, okuyinto afakiwe "Gymnosperms" umnyango.

Class "Gnetova"

UMnyango Izitshalo "gymnosperms" ikilasi "Gnetova" zihlukaniswe imikhaya emithathu

1. Umndeni "Velvichievye".
2. Umndeni "Gnetova".
3. Umndeni "Hvoynikovye".

Ake sibheke abameleli ovelele amaqembu amathathu izitshalo.

Ngakho zama-welwitschia emangalisayo. Kuyinto kuphela ilungu le-velvichievyh umndeni. Lokhu gymnosperms omele ezikhulayo Lasogwadule LwaseNamibia Esibamba Amanzi Ugwadule, nezinye ogwadule South West Africa. Lesi sitshalo has a isiqu esifushane kodwa obukhulu. ukuphakama Its 0.5 m kanye ububanzi kuyinto 1.2 m. Njengoba lolu hlobo abahlala ogwadule, it has impande eside main, okuyinto 3 amamitha ezijulile. Amahlamvu ezikhula kusukela zama-welwitschia isiqu - ke kuyisimangaliso. Ngokungafani amaqabunga nezinye izitshalo emhlabeni, abasoze ewa. Basuke sanda ngasesinqeni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi bafe ekugcineni. Ilokhu ubuyekeza ukuze lezi amahlamvu siphila njengoba kwenziwa zama-welwitschia ngokwayo (zezinhlobo ezaziwayo waphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2 ayizinkulungwane. Iminyaka).

gnetalians umndeni iqukethe mayelana 40 zilwane. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu nezihlahla, imivini, okungenani - izihlahla. Zikhula emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo-Asia, e-Oceania, eMelika Ephakathi Afrika. imibono yakhe zifana gnetalians angiosperms. Izibonelo we amalungu omndeni melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum ribbed et al.

umndeni hvoynikovyh kuhlanganisa 67 zezitshalo. Ngenxa yalesi ukuphila ifomu notshani nezihlahla. Zikhula e-Asia, ngamazwe aseMedithera nase-South America. Amalungu alo mndeni ube amahlamvu zibe maholoholo. Izibonelo hvoynikovyh ingashiwo US ephedra, ephedra horsetail, ephedra coniferous, ephedra oluhlaza, njll

Class "Ginkgoales"

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa omunye umkhaya. Ummeleli kuphela alo mkhaya iyona ginkgo biloba. Kungumuthi ubude (kufika ku-30 metres) namahlamvu omkhulu fan-like. Lokhu isitshalo relict, okuyinto ukuvela eMhlabeni eminyakeni million 125 edlule! Sicashunwa ginkgo ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa imithi ukwelapha izifo semithambo, kuhlanganise isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi.

Class "Sagovnikovye"

Iphinde gymnosperms. Izibonelo zalokhu ekilasini zezitshalo: cycad Rumphi District, Cycas revoluta, Cycas Thouarsii njll Bonke omndeni owodwa - "Sagovnikovye".

Zikhula e-Asia, e-Indonesia, e-Australia, e-Oceania, Madagascar.

Lezi zitshalo zifane zezandla. ukuphakama yabo zokhahlamba kusuka amamitha 2 kuya ku-15. Isiqu sawo ngokuvamile uqweqwe iDemo uma iqhathaniswa ukushuba. Ngakho, ngo-Cycas revoluta ubukhulu bayo 100 cm, kuyilapho ukuphakama - cm 300.

Class "Conifer"

Cishe lena yiyona ekilasini kunazo owaziwa yoMnyango gymnosperms. Futhi eziningi kakhulu.

Lesi sigaba siqukethe eyodwa oda - "Pine". Ngasekuqaleni emhlabeni, kusekhona oda ezintathu AmaConifers ekilasini, kodwa nababamele sezishabalele.

I komyalelo oshiwo ngenhla siqukethe imindeni eyisikhombisa:

1. Cephalotaxaceae.
2. Ugodo lwe-yew.
3. Stsiadopitisovye.
4. Podocarpaceae.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Cypress.

Umndeni siqukethe 20 abameleli cephalotaxaceae. Lokhu nezihlahla siluhlaza futhi izihlahla. I izinaliti ahlelwe Kuvunguza. Kusukela yew cephalotaxaceae kuhluke ukuthi Izigaxa zabo uvuthwe isikhathi eside, futhi imbewu wosayizi omkhulu.

yew mkhaya-30 zama-nezihlahla nemithi. Zonke izitshalo kulo mndeni kukhona dioecious. Izibonelo amalungu alo mkhaya angabhekwa Pacific yew, Florida, Canadian, yew European nabanye.

I stsiadopitisovye mkhaya izihlahla ezihlale ziluhlaza, okuyinto avame ukusetshenziswa njengoba i zokuhlobisa.

Izibonelo abameleli bomkhaya Podocarpaceae dakridium ingashiwo, fillokladus, Podocarpus njll Zikhula ezindaweni olumanzi: e New Zealand naseNew Caledonia.

Araucariaceae mkhaya mayelana 40 zilwane. Abamele umndeni esase sikhona kakade Emhlabeni phakathi nezikhathi Jurassic futhi Cretaceous. Izibonelo kungaba kubhekwe Agathis Australis, dammar Agathis, Araucaria Brazil, Chile Araucaria, Wollemi Noble et al.

umndeni Pine kuhlanganisa izihlahla ezinjalo eyaziwa kahle like sonwele zikaphayini, umsedari, larch, ngumhlonyane, fir njll Zonke izitshalo okuqondene nalo mkhaya, sikhule aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe e isimo sezulu sifudumele. Gymnosperms lo mkhaya avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa imithi womuntu kanye nezinye izimboni ngenxa inhlaka yawo kanye amafutha abalulekile.