Umlando of Chemistry kafushane: incazelo, ukubukeka kanye nentuthuko. A Short History of Chemistry

Umsuka wegama isayensi ngezinto zokwakha akunakubangelwa kwenkathi edlule. AmaGreki asendulo ayazi ngezinto eziyisikhombisa nezinye Alloys eziningana. Igolide, isiliva, ithusi, ithini, umthofu, insimbi kanye mercury - lawa izinto babaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Umlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali waqala ngolwazi esisebenzayo. Indlela ayeqonda ngayo theory yaqale ngofaka ososayensi ahlukahlukene nezazi zefilosofi - Aristotle, uPlato no-Empedocles. Eyokuqala kubo bakholwa ukuthi ngalinye lala izinto zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela omunye. Wabhekisa isixhazululo lokhu ukuba khona daba primordial owawungumnyaka ekuqaleni wazo zonke iziqalo.

nefilosofi lasendulo

Kuphinda kwaba inkolelo yokuthi lapho kufika inhliziyo lomcebo ngamunye emhlabeni kuba inhlanganisela izakhi ezine - amanzi, umlilo, umhlaba kanye nomoya. Kuyinto lezi emvelo banesibopho transmutation of izinsimbi. Ngasikhathi sinye, V e. BC. e. kwakukhona imfundiso yokuziphendukela atomism, ogama abasunguli Leucippus futhi umfundi wakhe Democritus. Le mfundiso ugomela ngokuthi zonke izinto akhiwa izinhlayiya ngomzuzu. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. Nakuba lo mbono uye ayitholakalanga ubufakazi besayensi endulo, kwaba usizo imfundiso yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wesimanjemanje ezikhathini zamuva.

alchemy waseGibhithe

Cishe ngo-BC II leminyaka. e. Isayensi iye iyisikhungo entsha ye-Aleksandriya yaseGibhithe. Kukhona futhi uvele alchemy. Lokhu isiyalo Kuvezwe njengendlela yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama imibono theory kaPlato no nolwazi ongalusebenzisa amaGreki. Umlando kwalesi sikhathi libhekene nesithakazelo esikhulayo kwamakhemikhali ukuba nezinsimbi. Kubo, livele uphawu zakudala amaplanethi elalaziwa ngaleso sikhathi nezindikimba zasezulwini. Ngokwesibonelo, esiliva ufanekiselwe inyanga, nensimbi - njengoba Mars. Njengoba isayensi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba nolimi enkolweni, futhi alchemy, njengoba kunoma iyiphi enye isiyalo yesayensi, kwadingeka abavikela yayo unkulunkulu (Thoth).

Omunye izazi ebaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba Bolus ka Mendes, owabhala indatshana "Physics nezimfihlakalo." Kuyo, wachaza izinsimbi namatshe ayigugu (futhi ukubaluleka izakhiwo zabo). Enye Alchemist Zosimus Panopolit emisebenzini yakhe uhlole izindlela yokufakelwa lokuveza igolide. Ngokuvamile, umlando chemistry ukuvela saqala beyofuna ensimbini eyigugu. Alchemy wazama ukwenza igolide ngokusebenzisa zokucwaninga noma umlingo.

alchemy waseGibhithe wafunda hhayi kuphela izinsimbi ngokwabo, kodwa futhi imikhando kusukela bekene likhishiwe. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwavulwa ziyinhlanganisela. Lolu hlobo lwe-ingxubevange metal ne-mercury, okuyinto uthethe indawo ekhethekile isimo sengqondo alchemy. Ezinye wayecabanga ukuthi ketshezi eyinhloko. Ukuze nkathi zihlanganisa indlela ukutholakala usebenzisa igolide uhlanzekile futhi nitrate phambili.

Arab Open

Uma amazwe emlandweni yamaGreki yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali waqala ke baqhubeka kamuva ke eminyaka ngesikhathi Arab yokuchuma lapho izazi abasha Islam babe iyahola isayensi yomuntu. Lezi bacwaningi izinto eziningi ezintsha, ezifana antimony noma phosphorus. Iningi ulwazi esiyingqayizivele kusetshenziswa imithi futhi ekhemisi sokuthuthukiswa izidakamizwa nemithi. Uhlaka yomlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, ngaphandle Ukhulumé itshe sefilosofi sika - ikhemikhali wasenganekwaneni evumela ukuze ujike iyiphi into waba igolide, akunakwenzeka.

Emhlabeni engu 815 le Alchemist Arab Jabir Ibn Hayyan washayelwa theory mercury-sulfuric. Wachaza umsuka metal entsha. Lezi zimiso ziye zaba siyinhloko alchemy akuyona kuphela Arabic, kodwa futhi lesikole European.

alchemy European Ephakathi

Ngenxa Zokholo futhi kuvamile eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga izazi Christian ekugcineni bafunda ngezinto eziye zatholakala amaSulumane. Kusukela ngekhulu le-XIII kuba baseYurophu wathatha isikhundla sobuholi beqiniseka okucwaninga. Umlando of Chemistry Ephakathi yathola okuningi uRoger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, uRaymond Lully, nokunye. D.

Ngokungafani izifundo YaseYurophu isayensi Arabhu yagcwala umoya wenkolo yobuKristu futhi izinganekwane. Izizinda eyinhloko izinto isifundo zezindela. Enye impumelelo lokuqala olukhulu izindela kwaba ukutholakala ammonia. Kwakuwusuku abadumile semfundiso yenkolo Bonaventura. alchemy Ukuvula kancane ezithinta umphakathi nje Roger Bacon echazwe powder e 1249. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nto esiye sashintsha izimpi kanye nezinhlamvu wamabutho.

Ekhulwini XVI alchemy kwashesha njengendlela isiyalo wezokwelapha. aziwayo kakhulu usebenza Paraltsesa eyathola imithi eminingi.

isikhathi esisha

INkathi Yezinguquko kanye nomhlaba obhekwe ezikhathini zanamuhla ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta kanye ne-chemistry. Yena ngiyilahle amathoni zenkolo kakhulu, ekubeni isayensi enokwehla futhi zokuhlola. Iphayona lokhu mkhuba baba uRobert Boyle, ubani oye waba phambi ukwakheka kwezinto emgomweni othile oqondile - ukuthola amakhemikhali amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye ukufunda Ukwakheka zabo nezindawo.

Ngo 1777, Antuan Lavuaze washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela-mpilo amandla omlilo. Yaba isisekelo Ukudalwa ngesilwane esifuywayo entsha ngokwesayensi. Umlando of Chemistry, kafushane ezichazwe ebhukwinitifundvo yakhe "Elementary Inkambo Chemistry", esenze intuthuko. Lavoisier kwaba ithebula elisha izici elula, esekelwe umthetho ukulondolozwa mass. imibono eshintshiwe kanye imiqondo mayelana nohlobo izinto. Manje, i-chemistry waba isayensi ezimele okunengqondo, okuyinto isekelwe kuphela ucwaningo futhi ubufakazi bangempela.

XIX leminyaka

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX Dzhon Dalton washayelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela athomu ndaba isakhiwo. Eqinisweni, waphinda futhi lujule izimfundiso sefilosofi lasendulo Democritus. Iyasebenza kukhona eside ezifana mass athomu.

Nakuvulwa imithetho emisha wanikezwa sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha umlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Kafushane, ekuqa- we XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka. kwakukhona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zezibalo kanye ngokomzimba, okuyinto kalula futhi ngokunengqondo zachazwa yisigaba ezihlukahlukene izinto emhlabeni. Ukuvulwa Dalton kwaqinisekiswa lapho usosayensi Swedish Jens Jakob Berzelius nakanjani ama-athomu, lemijabo ugesi. Wabuye waqamba izinto manje ajwayelekile abasibiza ngokuthi izincwadi Latin.

mass-athomu

Ngo 1860, osokhemisi emhlabeni wonke kulowo mhlangano e Krlsrue neyaziwayo eliyisisekelo theory-athomu-yamangqamuzana, ehlongozwayo ngu Stanislao Cannizzaro. Ngosizo isisindo isihlobo umoya-mpilo yabalelwa. Ngakho umlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali (chaza kafushane kube nzima) amashumi eminyaka ifikile ibanga elide.

isihlobo mass-athomu bavunyelwe nokumisa zonke izakhi. Ekhulwini XIX kwahlongozwa ezihlukahlukene izinketho indlela yokukwenza elula kunazo futhi ezingokoqobo. Kodwa okuhle nakakhulu-ke kuphumelele usosayensi Russian Dmitri Mendeleev. Yakhe uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi, ezihlongozwayo ngo-1869, waba isisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje.

i-chemistry yesimanje

A kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa kamuva kwathiwa wathola electron futhi lo mkhuba radioactivity. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa imibono eside mayelana divisibility ye-athomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela bafake umfutho ekuthuthukiseni umngcele isiyalo phakathi chemistry yemvelo. Kwakukhona amamodeli we isakhiwo athomu.

A indaba emfushane umlando omfushane yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ngeke akwenze ngaphandle ukubhekisela quantum Mechanics. Lokhu isiyalo sizothinta isethulo izixhumanisi ngaphakathi impahla. izindlela okusha sokuba ukuhlaziywa kolwazi lwesayensi nokuhlonyiswa mbono. Lezi Kwakuhlukahluka ezahlukene zama-X ray spectroscopy nokusetshenziswa.

Eminyakeni yamuva, umlando amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, kafushane ezichazwe ngenhla, kwaphawulwa Imiphumela enkulu ngokuhlanganyela biology nemithi. ejenti okusha kabanzi imithi yesimanje nokunye. G. Amaphrotheni isakhiwo wahlolwa, DNA nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile ngemva nje eziphilayo. A indaba emfushane umlando omfushane yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kungaholela kuvulwa izinto ezintsha e ishadi lesikhathi ukuthi Ucwaningo etholwe.