Umama wokuzijabulisa. Izinkinga zokuzalwa komama

Umgomo, wonke amashado afuna ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuzalwa nokukhuliswa kwezingane. Kwabaningi, lo mgomo ubaluleke kakhulu empilweni, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bazinikele ezenzweni ezingenakulinganiswa, okungaphikisana nazo zonke izimiso zokuziphatha, zokuziphatha nezomthetho, ngoba, ngokusho kwezibalo, cishe imibhangqwana engu-20% ayinayo ithuba lokuba nezingane zabo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, imibhangqwana isebenzisa izinsizakalo zomama ozithandayo, ngenxa yokuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga zivela ekukhuleni komama.

Le nkinga, kokubili emhlabeni naseRussia, iqhubeka ngokukhula njalo ngonyaka. Kuyafaneleka ngokwengeziwe kunombono wezokwelapha, wokuziphatha, wezomthetho, wokuziphatha. Lokhu kungumama wokuzalwa. Izinkinga eziphakama ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwayo nangemva kwalokho, zingaba nomthelela omubi hhayi kuphela kumama wokubeletha, kodwa futhi kubazali bezakhi zofuzo kanye nengane.

Okuyisisekelo salesi simo

Umama okhungathekileko umuthi wokubeletha, ukubeletha nokubeletha kwengane, okwenzeka ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano esiphethwe phakathi kwabazali abazoba khona esikhathini esizayo kanye nomama wokubeletha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekukhuliseni owesifazane, amangqamuzana ezocansi abazali besikhathi esizayo athathwa, okungeke kwenzeke ukuba nengane ngezizathu zezokwelapha.

Umama obeletha ngokuyinhloko owesifazane ovuma ukuba ahlolwe ngamaseli omuntu nowesifazane (abazali abazayo), ukuthwala, ukubeletha nokudlulisela ingane ezandleni zabazali bezomthetho.

Isilinganiso esiqine kakhulu esetshenziswa yizibhangqwana eshadile yinkonzo yokubeletha kwabazali.

Ukulinganisa okuningi kwenkinga yokuzalwa komama

Njengomama wokubeletha, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bokuzala, ezikhathini zanamuhla ezisiza imibhangqwana eminingi ijabulele injabulo yobazali kanye nomama, inezinkinga ezinkulu kanye nezinzuzo ezibalulekile.

Yiqiniso, imibhangqwana engenamandla isebenzise zonke izindlela zokukhiqiza ngenxa yenjabulo, okuletha ukuhleka kwengane endlini, kufaka phakathi nesilinganiso esinqunyiwe sokuzalwa komama.

Izinkinga ezivela ekusakazeni nasekusungulweni kwezindlela zesimanje zokukhulelwa kanye nokuzalwa kwezingane nazo zithonya elikhulu ekuziphatheni komphakathi, ngokokuziphatha nokuziphatha komphakathi. Imibhangqwana yanamuhla ayiqapheli ngokugcwele zonke izici eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivela emva kwalokho, futhi-ke, azikwazi futhi azifuni ngisho nokuhlola konke ukusetshenziswa kwalezo zindlela kuholela.

Umthetho wezomthetho wokuba ngumama ohlala eRussia

Umthetho wezomthetho eRussia unendima ebalulekile, njengoba kulawulwa hhayi ngesenzo esisodwa somthetho kanye nomqulu. Lezi zihloko ku-Code Family ye-Russian Federation, umthetho we-federal "Ngokuyisisekelo sokuvikela impilo yezakhamuzi eRussia Federation", umthetho "On Civil Status Izenzo", umyalelo we-Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "Ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokubeletha okusizayo (ART) ekwelashweni kwabesifazane nabesilisa abangenalutho."

Ukuze ubhalise ingane eyazalwa ngumama wokubeletha, imibhalo elandelayo iyadingeka:

- isitifiketi sokuzalwa esivela esikhungweni sezokwelapha;

- imvume yomama ozithandayo;

- isitifiketi esivela emtholampilo ku-IVF.

Izingqinamba zezinkinga zokuzala komama

Kukhona abaphikisi bezindlela zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ukuhlukanisa nokuzala umama. Izinkinga ezivela kulokhu ziyimvelo ehlukahlukene:

- izingane ziguqulwa zibe into efana nalokho ongathengisa nokuthenga;

- kunezimo lapho imibhangqwana ecebile noma amadoda, abesifazane bangathatha enkonzweni yabesifazane abangekho kahle okwenzelwe imali yonke into, ngisho nokuthwala nokuzalwa kwezingane, okuphikisana ngokuphelele nemvelo yemvelo;

- Umama wokuzikhethela uba yikontraki okuthiwa umsebenzi, ngakho-ke imicabango yowesifazane mayelana nemali izoba yinto yokuqala, futhi ukubhekwa kwezinzuzo zabo, umntwana kanye nabanye baba yinto yesibili futhi, njengokungathi, baya ngemuva;

- Abasekeli bezinhlangano zezinsikazi bathi inqubo yokuzikhethela izokwenza ukuxhashazwa kwesigamu samantombazane;

- Abasebenzi beSonto baqaphele ukuthi umama wokubeletha usebenza njengenye yezimvo zokushiya ukuqala komuntu wesintu nokuvela kumasiko wendabuko, uhlangothi olungokomoya nokuziphatha komuntu;

Ngisho noma ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa owesifazane wayenomuzwa wokuthi angakwazi ukuyeka ingane eyayizalwa futhi izalwa naye ngaphandle kwezinkinga nomsebenzi okhethekile, zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-9 ukuxhumana okusheshayo nokungaqondakali kwasungulwa phakathi komntwana nowesifazane owakhuthazelayo. Ngokuba umzali ukuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo langempela, ukudluliselwa kwengane ezandleni zamakhasimende. Lena yinkinga yangempela evulekile yokuziphatha yokuzala komama.

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokubeletha komama

Umthetho nazo zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni zihloswe ukunciphisa inani lamacala omama wokubeletha, ikakhulu uma owesifazane engakwazi ukuzalela futhi abelethe umntwana wakhe:

- Izifo zesisu ezingavumeli owesifazane ukuba athathe ingane.

- Ukungabikho kwesibeletho ngokuphelele ngemuva kokususwa.

- Ukukhubazeka okuvamile, okungenakwelashwa yiziphi izindlela zokwelashwa ezikhona.

- Izifo ezinzima ze-somatic zesimiso sezinhliziyo, izinso, isibindi, lapho kungabi khona kuphela ukuzala, kodwa ngisho nokukhulelwa kunzima.

Izinkinga zomthetho womama wokubeletha, ophula amalungelo abazali bezinto eziphilayo

Akukhona nje kuphela izinkinga zokuziphatha, zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha, kodwa nezinkinga ezibalulekile emthethweni wezomthetho wokuba nomama eRussia. Ukwehluleka okunjalo kwenza kube yingozi kwezinye izimo, omama, abanye - bahlupheke noma abantu abaqashe owesifazane ukubeletha nokubeletha kwengane yabo. Phakathi kwezinkinga ezinjalo zomthetho, umuntu angahlukanisa:

1) Izenzo ezingekho emthethweni nokuphanga owesifazane ophethe futhi obeletha ingane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuqhubekela phambili ezenzweni zomthetho, abazali bezinto eziphilayo bangazibhalela njengabazali bezomthetho nabasemthethweni kuphela emva kokunikeza imvume evela kumama wokubeletha. Ngokuvamile kunezimo lapho abazali abanjalo, bekwazi iziqephu zomthetho, baqala ukufuna imali eminingi kakhulu kunemali echazwe enkonzweni phakathi kwamaqembu amabili, noma ingcebo.

2) Umzuzu owudingekayo futhi ukudala isenzo somthetho esizovikela abazali bezilwane ekuqotheni nasezinyathweni ezingamukeleki engxenyeni yowesifazane owabeletha ingane. Phela, kunezimo lapho omama ababeletha, abaqala ukukhulelwa bezimisele ukudlulisa ingane ngobuqotho, emva kokuzalwa kwabo bashintsha ingqondo yabo (futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala kalula ngemvelo) futhi baqala ukufuna izindlela zokubeka ingane. Bangakwenza lokhu ngisho nangemva kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho kwengane, ukudluliswa kwemali okufanele bayenze ngaphansi kwenkontileka noma impahla evela kubazali abangokomthetho. Kulokhu, ngisho nangemva kokugcwalisa yonke imibandela yesivumelwano, owesifazane owabeletha ingane angashiya umntwana, futhi abazali bayohlala bengenamali, futhi ngaphandle kwengane.

Izinkinga zomthetho zomama ozithandayo

Izinkinga zomthetho zokuzala umama zingabuka kumuntu wesifazane owabeletha ingane ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Isibonelo, kunezimo lapho ingane enokuphambuka, ukugula noma isifo izalwa futhi abazali abaphilayo benqabe ukuthatha ingane futhi bakhokhele othembekile omama imali. Kulesi simo, umama obelethayo angakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemali kuphela, kodwa futhi ezandleni zakhe nomntwana ogulayo anezakhi zofuzo ngaphandle kwakhe.

Ngakho-ke izinkinga zokuzalwa komama eRussia zenzeka, ngoba isisekelo somthetho ezweni lethu asiphelelanga. Lezi zici eziyinkimbinkimbi zidinga isinqumo esinqunyiwe, esilinganiselwe sophiko, hhayi ukulahla okuphelele ukugunyaza lesi simo, ngoba kunamacala amaningi okuba ngumama ngokungemthetho ngendlela yokuzikhethela. Futhi kuhle uma abantu bengakwazi, ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano, ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga futhi bahlakaze ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokuphulwa kwamalungelo omunye nomunye, kodwa kaningi nakwezinye izindlela.

Ukumangalela futhi umama obelethwe ngezifo zengane, kubalulekile ukutadisha ulwazi ngalolu daba kahle. Ngempela, kusukela ekubukeni komzimba, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, izifo azikwazi ukusakazwa kusuka kumama wokubeletha ukuya emfuseni, igazi labo alikuthinti. Yonke idatha yangaphandle neyangaphakathi, izici zobunjwa zizimisele kuphela ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo. Ukunganaki kungathinta kuphela isimo somama okhulelwe emntwaneni, impilo yakhe yengqondo nengokwenyama, kodwa, njengoba umthetho, zonke lezi zici zihlolwe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuqala kokukhulelwa.

Izinkinga zokuba ngumama wokuzikhethela ngendlela yokuziphatha

Emthethweni weRussian Federation kunemithetho eminingi elawula ubuhlobo kule ndawo. Nakuba izinkinga zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha zomama wokubeletha akude kunoma yiziphi izinkambiso zomthetho.

Phakathi kwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa komama wokubeletha, kukhona:

- izinkinga ezingokwengqondo nezingokwenyama zingenzeka kumama obelethayo kanye nengane esesiswini;

- ukwephula imibono yobuhlobo begazi nokuhlolisana;

- kudingekile ukuthola imfihlakalo yemvelaphi yengane;

- ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubazali abangakwazi ngempela;

- Uhlangothi lwezentengiselwano lomama (ukusetshenziswa kwesigungu - isisu - ngenzuzo);

- ukuthenga nokudayiswa kwezingane.

Izinkinga zomzimba nezingokwengqondo zomama nomntanakhe

Izinkinga zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuzalwa komama zenzalo eziningi futhi zithinta impilo engokwengqondo nengqondo yomama wokubeletha kanye nomntwana ngokwayo. Lokhu kuchazwa kalula ukuthi i-toxicosis yokuqala, njengomthetho, laba besifazane bavame kakhulu kunabo abathwala i-fetus yasekhaya. Phela, owesifazane okhulelwe ingane yakhe ugqoke umntwana oyingxenye yakhe ye-genotype ingokwakhe. Umama obeletha wazala izithelo, engahambisani nemvelo yakhe, ehlanganisa amangqamuzana angabazali bezinto eziphilayo. I-Fetus ezimweni ezinjalo kaningi kunokujwayelekile inganqatshwa, kunezinkinga zomzimba (ubuthakathaka, ukulahlekelwa ukudla noma ukwenqaba ukudla, ukuhlanza). Ngokumelene nesizinda sabo, kunezinkinga zengqondo (ukusola, ukhathazeka ngokweqile, ukucasuka).

Ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo komama nomntwana wokubeletha

Izinkinga zokuziphatha zomama wokubeletha nazo zande kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindlela zokubeletha zithi kuphela:

1) Abesifazane abangenalo ithuba lokukhuthazela nokubeletha ingane yabo, kuphela ngenxa yendlela yokuzikhethela bangayithokozisa injabulo yokuba ngumama.

2) Akukho lutho olufana nenjabulo yokuzalwa kwengane enezakhi zofuzo.

Bathula, njengombuso, ukuthi kunezinkinga ezinkulu ezingokwengqondo, ngoba owesifazane owabeletha futhi wazala ingane usuvele ehlangabezana nokucindezeleka kokuhamba ngemva kokubeletha ngenxa yokushintsha okubukhali emahomoni, futhi umama okhulumela ingane kufanele adlulisele umntwana kubazali bamakhasimende ukuthi Ngokuvamile kubangela ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwengqondo. Ingane ngesikhathi sokuphumula nomfazi owakhuthazela, nayo ihlupheka, ngoba izinyanga ezingu-9 zixhunyiwe.

Ukuphulwa kwemibono yobuhlobo begazi nobuhlobo

Kunezibonelo lapho ugogo ephethe futhi ebeletha umzukulu noma umzukulu, okwenza ngesikhathi esisodwa njengomama obelethayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, owesifazane ofanayo wenza njengomama nonogogo, okwephula izibopho zegazi kanye nokwaziswa kwemibono evunyelwe ngokujwayelekile. Kukhona izinkinga zokuziphatha zokubeletha komama. I-bioethics ezimweni ezinjalo iphulwa, futhi izingane zihlupheka uma zingakwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele imvelaphi yazo kanye nomqondo wokuthi ngubani ohlala emndenini. Ngokuvamile kunemibuzo enganeni, obani: umama noma ugogo. Nakuba kungenzeka, kungcono ukugcina umsuka ekusithekeni, kodwa lokhu empilweni yangempela akude kuhlale kulula.

Ukuqinisekisa imfihlakalo yemvelaphi yengane

Izinkinga zokuziphatha zokuzalwa komama nazo zihlanganisa nokugcina izimfihlo mayelana nokuthi umntwana wazalwa kanjani futhi wazalwa, mayelana nemvelaphi yayo. Phela, labo abathola umama wokubeletha futhi basinda yonke inqubo yendima yomama wokubeletha noma abazali abaphilayo bayazi ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukugcina imfihlo yomsuka womntwana. Izinkinga zokuzalwa komama eRussia ziqhubeka zikhungethwe yizici zengqondo, ngoba kunzima kakhulu kubantu bethu ukuba bathule futhi bangasakazi inhlebo.

Ukuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo yabazali bezinto eziphilayo

Ithonya elibi kumzali we-psyche kanye nabazali bokuzalwa ngokobubele. Izinkinga ezivela kule nqubo zingokwemvelo futhi zihlanganisa nokuthi:

- umama ozithandayo angenqaba ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo, ukuhoxisa ukukhokhelwa kwangaphambili, futhi apheleke ezweni;

- ukwesaba umama wofuzo ongakwaziyo ngemibandela lapho ingane yakhe ihlala khona nokuthi ngabe kukhona umthelela omubi emntwaneni. Kunoma yikuphi, akanakho ukulawula umama wokubeletha;

- emva kokuzalwa komntwana, abazali bavame ukuqala ukufuna ukufanana nowesifazane owamthatha umntwana, futhi besabe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi unikele okuthile kuye.