Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo: izibonelo kanye izici amaqembu ayinhloko taxonomic

Zonke izitshalo ezikhona emhlabeni, baningi futhi ezihlukahlukene ukuthi izazi ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa wazama uzihlele. Kuze kube yimanje, behlukanisa ku izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo kanye namaqembu flora. Ngesisekelo lolu hlobo ukuhlunga ukubeka izici zabo eziyinhloko. Kulesi sihloko, esigabeni esihleliwe izitshalo kuzoncishiswa. Kukhona Uyophinde unikezwe izici eziyisisekelo kanye nezici kwesakhiwo.

Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo: izibonelo nezibonakaliso

Okokuqala, kufanele kusho ukuthi izitshalo eziphilayo uyakwazi umsoco Autotrophic. Bakha yabo udaba eziphilayo - carbohydrate glucose phakathi photosynthesis kusuka carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Le nqubo ithatha indawo chloroplast - the plastids oluhlaza. Kodwa ngaphansi kombandela owodwa: uma kukhona ukukhanya kwelanga. igama walesi senzo - photosynthesis. Lena isici esiyinhloko ephawula kombuso isitshalo ngezigaba kusekelwe timphawu tesakhiwo yabo kohlaka inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umsunguli wawo kuyinto Zhan Batist Lamark, ngubani esethula double (kanambambili) igama zinhlobo. Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo (ithebula izibonelo), ukubona ukuphela kwalesi sihloko.

izitshalo aphansi

Izitshalo zokuqala futhi bakudala kakhulu ukuthi kwavela phakathi kwemvelo, kukhona ulwelwe. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-aphansi futhi. Libuye libe ngezigaba ehlelekile zezitshalo. Izibonelo iqembu :. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Spirogyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, njll izitshalo Lower e ovamile uwukuthi kwakhiwa yomzimba amangqamuzana ngamanye okuyinto musa ukukhiqiza indwangu. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-thallus noma thallus. Izimpande ulwelwe nazo engekho. Umsebenzi ukunamathela substrate baphathe filamentous rhizoids imfundo. Ngokubukeka, Babukeka njengezihlahla izimpande, kodwa zihluke kubo, singekho ihlule.

izitshalo ephakeme

Manje cabanga izinhlobo izitshalo, lokhu ngezigaba kusekelwe isakhiwo izinkinga. Lokhu okuthiwa zifika osebeni. Ukuze siphile ezweni elinje, ukubona isidingo sokuhlakulela indwangu mechanical conductive. Izitshalo zokuqala ezweni - Rhyniophyta - babe eziphilayo ezincane. Bamukwa amahlamvu nezimpande, kodwa kwadingeka ihlule: Kwekucala nje, mechanical conductive, okuyinto yayibalulekile ukutshala ukuphila ezweni. umzimba yabo yayihlanganisa izingxenye aboveground futhi ngaphansi komhlaba, Nokho, esikhundleni izimpande babe rhizoids. Rhyniophyta ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzeka yokuzala asexual kwamaseli - ezinhlamvu. Kwezazi bathi izitshalo kuqala ephakeme ezweni uvele okwengeziwe eminyakeni million 400 edlule.

izitshalo Ephakeme spore

ngezigaba Wanamuhla izitshalo, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa enikezwa esihlokweni kusikisela izinkinga zokwenza isakhiwo zabo ngokuqondene lithathelwe ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo. Mosses wona club, horsetails futhi Izinhlobo kukhona eziphilayo kuqala eliwumhlaba. Bona nokuzala esebenzisa ezinhlamvu. Esikhathini emjikelezweni wokuphila kwalezi izitshalo kukhona alternation izizukulwane: ngokobulili futhi asexual, nge predominance Kolunye lwazo.

izitshalo Ephakeme imbewu

Leli qembu elikhulu izitshalo ihlanganisa eziphilayo zizalana ngenzalo okuzala. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola kuqhathaniswa ne ezinhlamvu. Imbewu siqukethe umbungu, sizungezwe reserve izakhi kanye ikhasi. Kuvikela umzimba ekulweni kwezimo ezingezinhle esizayo phakathi ukuthuthukiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo, e imbewu ithuba elingcono nokuthuthukisa ukukhula, futhi nakuba idinga izimo ezithile: khona ukushisa, isamba elanele amandla elanga futhi umswakama. Leli qembu Inezingxenye eziyi ezimbili: Holo - futhi angiosperm zilwane.

gymnosperms

izici Isici kule yunithi ukungabi izimbali nezithelo. Imbewu ukuthuthukisa on esikalini Isigaxa evulekile, t. E. Bare. Ngakho-ke, otshala yaleli qembu, futhi ngakho ngokuthi. gymnosperms Iningi emelelwa AmaConifers. Basuke izimpawu ihlumela apical ukukhula, khona uhamba ekhethekile, egcwele resin kanye amafutha abalulekile. amahlamvu Needle-like yalezi zitshalo ngokuthi izinaliti. stomata yabo nayo igcwele resin, kanjalo uvimbele ukudala ezinye ngokweqile ukuhwamuka inqubo engathandeki umswakama ukulahleka. Ngakho iningi AmaConifers kuyinto siluhlaza. Bona ningachithi amahlamvu abo lapho kuqala isizini abandayo. Izigaxa yazo zonke gymnosperms akuzona izithelo, ngoba abazi yakha imbali. Lena ukuguqulwa olukhethekile Ukuphunyuka, okuyinto yenza umsebenzi zokukhiqiza kabusha okuzala.

angiosperms

Le ngxenye yiqoqo elikhulu izitshalo ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola. Bona okwamanje anesikhundla evelele emhlabeni. sici alandisa kuba phambi izimbali nezithelo. UMnyango angiosperms, yona, yizigaba ezimbili ezingafani: kuletha-futhi dicotyledonous. sici lawo eliyinhloko uhlobo ehlelekile - isamba esifanele cotyledons e nombungu imbewu. ngezigaba Omfushane izitshalo, futhi izibonelo izici eziyinhloko isakhiwo se-main units taxonomic ziboniswa etafuleni. Sikhombisa yinkimbinkimbi kule nokwakheka eziphilayo ezitholakala inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo: itafula izibonelo

Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezimila kungenziwa systematized. Ake wafingqa bonke ngenhla, besebenzisa ithebula ngezansi:

Ukwahlukaniswa samanje isitshalo eziphilayo kusiza kakhulu inqubo ekutadisheni kwabo, kuvumela ukusungula izici budlelwane amaqembu ahlukahlukene.