Isici esivamile se-gymnosperms futhi angiosperms kuyinto ... Izimpawu gymnosperms futhi angiosperms

Izitshalo - engxenyeni enhle le biomass kule planethi yethu. Ngaphandle kwawo ngeke kwenzeke ukuba khona noma yimuphi izilwane noma isikhunta, noma wobuntu. Zihluke kakhulu, une-ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kokuvamile ishayise ubuhle baso nobukhulukazi. Nokho, akubona bonke izitshalo babe ukubukeka efanayo. Ukuba inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ezinguquko kwemvelo, ephethwe ukujwayela ukusinda kuphela eziphikelelayo kakhulu, zofuzo kahle wahlela. Chief phakathi kwabo, ukuze ibuse inombolo, amaqembu amabili. Kuyinto thina yabo cabanga ngezansi.

izici Jikelele zombuso isitshalo

Izitshalo ngokuvamile eziphilayo okubhekiselwe ezihlangabezana nezimfuno eziningi:

• ukukhula angenamkhawulo kukho konke ukuphila;
• ukuqaliswa inqubo ye-photosynthesis (indlela Autotrophic energy);
• indlela engaguquki wokuphila;
• ikhono kukhishwe umoya-mpilo.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona amalungu ehlukene mayelana 350,000 kwalo mbuso. Ezisithintayo ukuhlukahluka eziphilayo futhi ezincwadini kwizimo khona. Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu athile futhi taxa.

ngezigaba

Umbuso isitshalo sehlukaniswe subkingdoms ezimbili ezinkulu: ephakeme futhi aphansi. Ngamunye wabo kuhlanganisa amayunithi eziningana ezahlukene taxonomic:

1. izitshalo Lower amelwa ulwelwe, okuyinto zihlukaniswe amakilasi. Umehluko omkhulu - ukungabikho umzimba, umahluko izitho.
2. izitshalo Ephakeme zimumethe ukwahlukana okulandelayo: Izinhlobo wona, horsetails wona club, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Ngokwemvelo, ngasinye salezi taxa namanje ezincane ngaphakathi ngokwayo: amakilasi, ama-oda, imindeni, izizukulwane nezinhlobo. Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu futhi kwaguqulwa kusukela zonke - angiosperms, noma izimila eziqhakazayo. Nokho, kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma emhlabeni yayibuswa spore ke - gymnosperms.

Kukhona izimpawu gymnosperms futhi angiosperms, okukuvumela ukuze uwahlukanise kwabanye futhi ukuqonda ukuthi isizathu predominance kwabo bonke abanye. Ake sixoxe ngazo kabanzi ngezansi.

izimpawu ezivamile gymnosperms

Lo mnyango ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yonke le mbulunga. Gymnosperms emelelwa namakilasi amaningana ezinkulu:

1. Imbewu Izinhlobo.
2. Sagovnikovye.
3. AmaConifers.
4. Bennetitovye
5. Ginkgo.
6. Gnetalians.

Sekukonke kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene mayelana 800. Isici esivamile se-gymnosperms futhi angiosperms okusobala kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza sici isihloko: khona imbewu, lapho umbungu. Nokho, uphawu efanayo kungenziwa ngokuthi umehluko, ngoba imbewu lihlukile.

Isici esivamile se-gymnosperms (zonke ngothi) kungenziwa ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa imbewu evulekile izinhlayiya zeqhwa Izigaxa. Ngakho, kuba sengathi kuhlangene nqunu, ukuthi kwaba isizathu igama umnyango.

Ungase futhi ukhethe izici embalwa abameleli gymnosperms:

1. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izihlahla kuphela nezihlahla, amafomu herbaceous bengekho nhlobo.
2. Iningi amahlamvu ibe izinaliti mncane, embozwe cuticle obukhulu.
3. uhlelo conductive emelelwa amaseli albuminoid futhi ngesihlungo amashubhu, izitsha lingekho.
4. Isidoda ongasanyakazi, eyalo umoya.
5. Izitshalo dioecious (dioecious).
6. Inqubo sokukhulelwa nokuthuthukiswa imbewu Kuthatha iminyaka ecishe ibe mibili.
7. Endosperm umbungu isethi haploid wama-chromosomes, ngoba kokukhulelwa elula.

ukwehluka Special phakathi gymnosperms AmaConifers ufinyelelwe. Is they bakha ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi etihlahleni amahlathi amaningi kakhulu kule planethi yethu. Tibonelo taletinhlobo izitshalo yilezi:

• larch;
• fir;
• sonwele;
• zikaphayini;
• yemisedarid
• Thuja nabanye.

Izimpawu zezimbali

Iqiniso lokuthi esivamile gymnosperms futhi angiosperms kuba phambi isidoda, isibe omunye zezizathu ezenza izimbali yazuza zisabalele. Phela, nabo basuke baye thembeke evikelwe imbewu pericarp kanye uginindela we izithelo, okwenza kube invulnerable ehambisana nesimo sezulu esingesihle.

Ngaphezu lesi sici lapho kanye izici ezimbalwa abalulekile futhi ebalulekile angiosperms:

1. Kube yakhiwe ngokucacile uqhuba uhlelo, ehlanganisa imithambo.
2. amafomu Life amelwa zonke izinhlobo; izinhlobonhlobo imithi emihle, izihlahlana, lemibhida kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bazohlala kunoma iyiphi indawo.
3. kokukhulelwa Double, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukwakha endosperm triploid. Inqubo kwenzeka ngokushesha.
4. Ukuthuthwa kwempova kumane okungagcini nje emoyeni, kodwa futhi izinambuzane, izilwane, kanye nezinye izindlela self-impova.
5. Chief isitho okuzala, enikeza inzuzo enkulu - imbali.

Kuyinto iqembu encane kunawo wonke waba nemigomo kwemvelo, zom futhi iphathwe babe lesichubekako kakhulu futhi eziningi. Isibalo sawo sekuseduze ayizinkulungwane 250 zilwane. Konke lokhu sebekwazi ngenxa Kutfolakala nekutfutfukiswa izici zofuzo echazwe lapha.

Izimpawu gymnosperms futhi angiosperms ukufana

Libuye libe esivamile gymnosperms futhi angiosperms is yokuthi for zizalela akudingeki amanzi. Lokhu ihlukanisa kubo kusukela spore, okuyinto sincike kakhulu ku umswakama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi esivamile iyona angiosperms futhi gymnosperms ukuthuthukiswa ezinhle izitho vegetative. Stem, amacembe nezimpande ibalulekile impilo umzimba. Njengasekhulwini lokuqala futhi iqembu zalezi zimpawu yesibili avele kahle kakhulu futhi ngokucacile.

Esinye isici - kumiswa izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi, labantu ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu futhi ukubusa emhlabeni ezinye izitshalo. inzuzo esobala obungenakuphikwa kokubili neminyango - ukubuyabuyelela of imbewu ngokunakekela. Phela, uma kukhona imbewu ke i-fetus iyakwazi izinqolobane abalulekile kwamandla okokuqala ngaphambi ukuhluma. Spore izinzuzo ezinjalo akuzona, ngakho amathuba abo okusinda wehlise kakhulu.

Isici esivamile se-gymnosperms futhi angiosperms yikhono ukukhiqiza imiphumela. Ekuqaleni Izigaxa imbewu, kwesibili - abahlukile njengoba namanzi futhi yomile. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka zisakaza imbewu esebenzisa izinyoni.

Umehluko phakathi gymnosperms futhi izimbali

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini iminyango ezinkulu embusweni isitshalo. Lezi izimpawu gymnosperms futhi angiosperms, ukuthi uwahlukanise komunye nomunye futhi uchaze ukuphakama kwamanani omunye phezu komunye.

Ungakwazi likhethe amaphuzu ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo:

1. Isikhathi ukuvundisa imifanekiso, ekwakhekeni umzimba omusha.
2. Isikhundla imbewu isitshalo (evulekile noma evikelekile).
3. Ukuba khona noma ukungabi ezihlukahlukene zokuphila.
4. Indlela impova.
5. Inani ukuvela izilwane.
6. Iqhaza yemvelo ngokwemvelo futhi Inani abantu.

Phylogenetic ikakhulukazi gymnosperms

Uma sikhuluma ngomsuka gymnosperms, kubalulekile ukuba ubheke isikhathi Devonian, okungukuthi, ukubheka iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-370 edlule. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho bakwazi wokukhipha Izinhlobo wona, horsetails futhi club wona, elalibe okubalulekile izigidi zeminyaka.

Isizathu esikhulu salokhu - ekubusweni amanzi ngesikhathi yokuzalela nenzalo kwetinhlavu. Namuhla, abaningi amafomu lasendulo iningi gymnosperms yokuqothulwa, ukwakha esiqiwini asebenzayo kwamalahle. Nokho, kwakube nokusitheka ezihlukahlukene amafomu amasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube manje eyaziwa izinhlobo eziningana Pines, ginkgo, izinkulungwane kweminyaka eyi-.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-gymnosperms zehlulekile ukudala izilwane ekhona futhi izinyoni ukuqinisekisa okuphakelayo evamile. Lesi kwakungesinye sezizathu ziye zaveza futhi yazuza noma yiliphi ithuba elivelayo-akujabulela zisabalele.

angiosperm phylogeny

Iqembu ngokulinganiswa ayemncane izitshalo, ukubukeka obuhlehlela kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi Jurassic. Izici ezithuthukisiwe ukuthi sishilo ngenhla, bavunyelwe abamele umnyango ukuze kuxazululwe kuzo zonke izindawo zezulu zidonse isikhathi eside.

Kubalulekile ukuthi nge ukuvela zisakaza ka angiosperms kwaba okuphakelayo ngokwanele kokubili izilwane nezinyoni. Futhi namhlanje, abantu abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle ukudla ezisinika lezi zitshalo. Phela, okusanhlamvu, imifino, izithelo kanye nezinye - kuba izimbali. Ngakho-ke, kubo esikukweleta ezimpilweni zethu.

Inani kanye indima begazi izitshalo

Uma sikhuluma ukubaluleka zindawo ezimbili, isici ezivamile gymnosperms futhi angiosperms - ikhono lokufeza photosynthesis futhi ukukhiqiza omningi yomoya-mpilo kwezimila kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Futhi AmaConifers, nezitshalo eziqhakazayo bahlale ezindaweni enkulu ezweni. Umsebenzi wakhe ngokungakhathali kuzala-mpilo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi okumunca isikhutha, ekhulula abantu kusukela Isivuvu. Ziyakwazi abakhiqizi of udaba eziphilayo. Ngenxa wonke amanye izitshalo izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngakho ukuze overestimate indima yabo imvelo kunzima.