Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: itafula. nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezingxenye zombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izici ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ubephelezelwa kumiswa capitalism. Lokhu wavezwa ukukhula kohwebo, ngcono ukukhiqiza nokwanda ivolumu womholo zabasebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe wamabhizinisi. Kube revolution yesibili zobuchwepheshe, okuyinto kwaqondana kwezimboni. Ngu ivolumu okukhipha zezimboni kuleli zwe owake wangena emihlanu phezulu, kanye eJalimane, eFrance, izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States.

Izici ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka

Phakathi nale nkathi, ohlelweni isicebi selingene enkulungwaneni entsha, esiteji ngemikhumbi. Saqala ukwakha izinhlangano ezinkulu zezimali nezezimboni. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngo okufutshane, anikeza ugqozi Ukuhlanganiswa imali kanye capital ezimbonini. amaqembu Industrial futhi zezimali ziye zathatha kule nkathi sesimweni ovelele kule emnothweni wezwe. Bona lokulawula yokuthengisa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo, amanani isethi, hlukanisa izwe ku ayezozibusa. Izithakazelo amaqembu ezimbonini kanye zezimali waqala ukuhambisa nezinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle lamazwe esithuthuke kabanzana.

capitalism ayitholwa

Wathinta phezu wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho kwezombusazwe of Russia. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izwe kwakhiwa izici ayo ayitholwa capitalism. Lokhu kubangela nezici ezithile. Okokuqala, uhulumeni waphasisa ohlelweni umhla emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako babe nezici ezindawo yeRussia. Izwe ithatha enkulu enabamemezeli izimo ezahlukene zezulu abathintekayo ukuthuthukiswa yayo engalingani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezingxenye zombusazwe Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 senzeka kancane kakhulu. autocracy Ligcinwe, landlordism, lokuzalwa ukungalingani, ukucindezelwa amaqembu athile.

Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: isifinyezo

umkhakha isicebi kanye neluhlelo lwetimali kuhlanganiswa nama-indastri okusalele emuva wezolimo. Esikhathini yokugcina wahlala izindlela semi izinduna ka ukuphathwa kanye nobunikazi. kwemvelo kosozimali emaphandleni akudingeki isikhathi ngesilinganiso ngokwanele eliphezulu intuthuko yezimboni. Ngenxa yalokho, kwazeke intuthuko engalingani kwezomnotho of Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Amabhizinisi amakhulu abangu bagxila naleso sikhathi ezindaweni ezinhlanu: neTrans-Caucasus, South, North-West, Ural futhi Central. Isimo sabo esihluke ukuze ongakasetshenzwa uhlelo zezimboni nsimu enkulu yezwe.

amandla

Autocracy, ebonakala isakhiwo enamandla bureaucratic futhi onxiwankulu kuqhathaniswa ababuthakathaka predetermined asebenzayo isimo kuphazamisa kumiswa ayitholwa capitalism. Lokhu lwaboniswa Inqubomgomo benikela nomthethonqubo umthetho inqubo ukudalwa monopolies, ukusekelwa malini isikhewu amabhizinisi ezinkulu, isabelo phakathi nezinkontileka kuhulumeni. Ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ezazisemizini apharathasi nezokuphatha nabezezimboni futhi zezimali enamandla. amabhange Major bebelokhu beqondiswa ababusi wangaphambili phezulu. ngokuvamile Lezi zikhulu bekwenziwa lempi, ukuhweba, neminyango ezezimali. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 senzeka ngokusekelwa izithakazelo bomhlaba kanye nalabo abamele onxiwankulu esinakho.

I babhekane nezinga elikhulu

Kwaba esibalulekile ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. I babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwakhiwa usuke ogxile ngasekupheleni ngenxa capitalism. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako kwakungamadodana indlala ezweni abalimi, kanye nokuqhubekela phambili amasiko kwesilisa ukwazi komphakathi. Private indlela kosozimali zokuphila (amabhange kanye nezimboni, kanti kulaks lawela izigodi) kuhlanganiswe yabadobi (yezandla Artisanal) kanye lulwimi bezinga (ukukhiqizwa ongumlimi).

ukuthekelisa capital

Ngokungafani namanye amazwe, Russia akhishelwe khona ngaphandle lizwe imithombo encane ngokwanele. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukuntula izimali siqu yezwe kanye namathuba obanele ukufuduka ngaphakathi enyakatho European okuyingxenye, e-Asia Ephakathi, eSiberia. Lezi izinto eziza kuqala ziye ishukunyiswa isifiso ukuthola inzuzo ngokweqile ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinsiza omkhulu futhi amaholo aphansi. utshalomali Foreign abangena ezweni ngokusebenzisa amabhange yasekhaya. Ensimini ka isimo, baba ingxenye eyinhloko-dolobha yakhe. Izimali ezitshaliwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho. ERussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ayematasa ngezimali ubunjiniyela, basezimbonini, ezimayini. Leli fomu kwesabelo kwenza ngesivinini kwezimboni kanye nenguquko zombuso waxwayisa material neseleko ebomvu amandla Western.

umkhakha

Kuye kwadingeka umthelela omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Russia. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaphawulwa inhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Kuvele ngemva kuyanda jikelele 90s kwekhulu odlule. ERussia, obumbi tetimboni acute kakhulu. Izwe kuye kwanciphisa amanani entengo izinto eziyisisekelo, ukukhiqizwa ngokucijile encishisiwe waqala ukuntuleka komsebenzi kubantu abaningi. ukwesekwa uMbuso alanele abakhiqizi. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi amaningi aba akuzuzisi futhi ungeke uzithole usuwile. Inkinga okuye kwathinta umkhakha hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi emkhakheni wezolimo. Yenqaba kakhulu nzima isimo emphakathini, wamcunula kwanda ezinkulu zezombangazwe.

monopolization ezikhulayo

Inkinga uyaqhubeka ukwakha nombimbi. Bavele Russia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. amalungu Cartel ivumelene ngetingucuko isikali ukukhiqizwa, izimo ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo kanye nenqubo ukuqasha abasebenzi. Ndawonye nale inhlangano wahlala ezimele emisebenzini yabo. Ngo-1901 Bryansk, Putilov kanye nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho isitshalo esitimela babehlanganiswe "Prodparovoz". Saqala ukwakha letisha esinakho - emtsetfweni. izinhlangano ezinjalo inqubo nokwamukela oda, ukuthenga izinto zokusetshenziswa elawulwa. Emtsetfweni esihlelwe amanani futhi afeze ukusatshalaliswa eyodwa kwezimpahla. Izinkampani yayihlanganisiwe lezi izinhlangano, zigcinwe ukuzimela endaweni yezimboni. Ngo-1902 kwathiwa kwakheka yokusansimbi ukuthengiswa. Abantu bangaleso sikhathi "Truboprodazha" futhi "Prodamet". Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, selidaliwe embonini yezimayini izinhlangano ( "kaNobel-Okokhelekayo", "Produgol").

isikhathi yokujama tsi

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani kusukela 1904 imakwe ukunwetshwa ezimbonini. ERussia, ukukhiqizwa lokuqala 1908 waqala ukwehla kwamandla omnotho. Lesi simo kwabangelwa izici ezimbili. Okokuqala, ehlaselwe Ukuwohloka elibukhali isimo ezezimali nezomnotho isimo ngenxa ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu empini Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905. ukonakaliswa embonini futhi inguquko ka 1905-1907. Kakhulu ziyancipha utshalomali e izimboni, ezolimo zonakale.

yokutakula

Wafika 1909-1913 biennium. ukukhula Industrial kwaba umphumela inzuzo nakwentiwa yezakhamuzi emva ukuqedwa ngo-1906 lokuhlengwa izinkokhelo, kanye kabusha emkhakheni wezolimo (1906-1910.). Ukuguqulwa kakhulu bandisa ukuthuthukiswa kosozimali wezolimo. Ukwanda oda wezempi kahulumeni ngenxa Ukuwohloka isimo emhlabeni nazo zaba neqhaza boom ezimbonini. Phakathi nale nkathi, inqubo monopolization kwenziwa ngomfutho. Saqala ukwakha izinyunyana entsha ukuhweba ( "Ugesi," "nentambo"), kanye corporation trust. Lesi sakamuva kubhekwa uhlobo eliphezulu kakhulu monopolies. Basuke kubuswa isizinda impahla eluhlaza, ukukhiqizwa futhi yokuthengisa imikhiqizo isiqedile. ukukhathazeka ukuthuthukiswa Okwalandela ezihlobene kumiswa namaqembu amakhulu zezimali-ezimbonini. Basebenza ndawonye amabhizinisi avela emikhakheni eyehlukene ngesisekelo yasebhange dolobha. Ngu ezingeni monopolization Russia igcinwe ijubane nge sikhathi emazweni athuthukile yeYurophu.

ezolimo

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha umkhakha, emkhakheni wezolimo kuleli zwe ayebhekwa best adonsela phansi umnotho wabo ethize. ubudlelwane kosozimali kwezolimo kwamiswa kancane kakhulu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa kulondolozwe landlordism, Agro-technical backwardness, yokuntuleka komhlaba abalimi, ubudlelwane nomphakathi emaphandleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ubephelezelwa ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni. Saqala ezikhulayo izikhungo yezimboni, okwandisa kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, yathuthukisa uxhaxha ezokuthutha. Konke lokhu kwaba nomthelela funa kwandisa imikhiqizo komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo kanye ezimakethe zangaphandle kanye yasekhaya.

Amafomu ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye ubunikazi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia, bakha ambalwa. Esikhathini bayo ngasese komhlaba namanje kubuswa izigodi lawela (izigodi elikhulu). Kulawa, izimakethe Kwathi kwesigamu isinkwa. izigodi Iningi wenza kabusha zama-Capitalist. Izigodi yasetshenziswa abasebenzi, kwandisa ezingeni yentuthuko Agro-lobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kwasiza ukwandisa amathuba okudingeka kwekhono kanye nokwenza inzuzo. Ezinye kulendawo wanika ingxenye ukuqasha ezweni kanye uthole inkokhelo ifomu yeziboshwa. Ezigodini 20% we-semi amakhosi asendulo kwakufanele izindlela ejwayelekile. Lezi izigodi kancane zonakale. Ngemva ukuthengwa ezweni monopolies, amabhange kanye nenombolo nokubusa ngobunxiwankulu amakhosi (tvoix rukax, Ryabushinskys njll), Ingabe athuthukiswe uhlobo olusha ubunikazi bomhlaba. Abanikazi laba amazwe kwakumelwe imodi zobungxiwankulu umnotho.

labantu

Ngokusho ezingeni yokuphila yasedolobheni eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba ezweni yasemakhaya. labantu kulo muzi ka-abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-30. (18% abantu sebebonke). Okukodwa abakhileyo bagxila izikhungo ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eSt, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-2 million e Moscow - hhayi kakhulu. Abantu abaningi bahlala kahle idolobha elincane commercial futhi ingcweti. Lezi zakhamuzi awazange ezihlobene ukusebenza izitshalo yokukhiqiza. Inani elikhulu labantu commercial nezezimboni wahlala emizaneni.

uhlelo lwezimali

Kuchaza izinhlobo obala langasese ngezenzo yasebhange dolobha. indawo Main ku matasa State Bank. Yena wenza imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile: credit kanye nokulingana. State Bank aqhubeka ayitholwa anikezwe ukubolekisa umphakathi inzuzo namabhizinisi ezimbonini. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo Ikhredithi okuhlangene isitokwe ngamabhange abaye bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo. Bona ukuphinde ngigxilise ingqondo emihlanganweni 47% kwempahla isiyonke. Ngesisekelo lezi amabhange akha oligarchy zezimali, okuyinto kwakuhlobene eduze izikhulu ezinkulu nenchubokuphatsa.

isiphetho

Siye ezichazwe ngenhla iziqondiso main lapho ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ithebula elingezansi liqukethe ulwazi kufinyeta kuzo zonke izici.

Ezweni lilonke waphawula izinqubo uxhumano kwezimboni kanye monopolization. lezomnotho kahulumeni kuhloswe kuyashesha ijubane ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo kwahluka tekuvikela. Isimo isinyathelo ezimweni eziningi, eqalwe kumiswa ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Kulokhu, amandla igxiliswe usuvele usebenzisa ezinye amasu amazwe. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kunciphise ukusalela Russia kusukela amandla ehola, ukuzimela komnotho kuvikelwe. Isimo unethuba ukuqhuba inqubomgomo angaphandle asebenzayo.