Ukushisa - kungcono ... Yini inani ukushisa ezikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo?

Zonke izinto une-amandla angaphakathi. Lokhu value libhekene eziningi izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, phakathi okuyinto ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe ukushisa. Lokhu value kuyinto abstract ukubaluleka zezibalo echaza ngamandla yamangqamuzana nokuxhumana izidakamizwa. Ukuqonda ukushisa exchange indlela engasiza ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, yini inani ukushisa yakhululwa ngesikhathi ukupholisa bafudumale izinto futhi amandla omlilo yabo.

Umlando kokutholakala ukushisa

Ekuqaleni, lo mkhuba ukudluliswa ukushisa echazwe ilula kakhulu futhi ecacile: uma izinga lokushisa kwe-material liphume, kuba ukushisa, futhi esimweni Ukupholisa ngomoya, ke inike yona imvelo. Nokho, ukushisa - ukuthi njengenkulumo ingxenye uketshezi noma umzimba kwakucatshangwa amathathu eminyaka edlule. Abantu ngokungazi wayekholelwa ukuthi ketshezi inezingxenye ezimbili: amangqamuzana nokufudumala. Manje ambalwa khumbula ukuthi igama elithi "izinga lokushisa" ngesiLatini kusho "ingxube", futhi, isibonelo, nethusi kuthiwa "tin nethusi lokushisa".

Ekhulwini le-17 kwakukhona nemibono emibili ukuthi wakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacile lo mkhuba ukushisa nokufudumala yokudlulisa. Okokuqala ehlongozwayo 1613, uGalileo. Indlela okubekwe ngayo kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe: "Ukushisa - kuba nemiyo engavamile kakhulu akwazi ukungena kunoma yiziphi umzimba futhi kubo." UGalileo uqambe le caloric izidakamizwa. Wagomela ukuthi ngeke caloric ingashabalala noma ubhujiswe, futhi bakwazi kuphela ukuhambisa emzimbeni eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ngakho, kulapho ngoqobo kilojoule, ayanda izinga lokushisa yayo.

Umbono eyesibili yeza ngo-1620, wanikela ngawo ukuze sefilosofi Bacon. Waphawula ukuthi ngaphansi amagalelo obunamandla isando nensimbi heats. Lomgomo eziqhutshwa futhi amalangabi yomlilo friction, kwaholela Bacon ukucabanga ngesimo yamangqamuzana ukushisa. Wagomela ukuthi isenzo mechanical emzimbeni zishintshe yayo iqale ukushaya emelene nomunye, ukwandisa ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa.

Umphumela waba isiphelo sesimiso umbono wesibili ukuthi nokushisa - umphumela isenzo mechanical izinto yamangqamuzana nomunye. Lo mbono isikhathi eside ezama ukuchaza ezinye izinto ezivelile futhi afakazele Lomonosov Ucwaningo.

Ukushisa - ke yisikali sokuthi amandla angaphakathi,

Izazi zanamuhla sebefike esiphethweni elandelayo: i-energy ezishisayo kuwumphumela budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye molecule ndaba, okusho .. Amandla zangaphakathi zomzimba. Particle Isivinini incike lokushisa futhi ukubaluleka ukushisa ngokuqondile wakhona mass we ketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhakede lamanzi has a ukushisa amandla ephakeme kunaleyo indebe egcwele. Nokho esosweni nge liquid ashisayo kungase kudingeke ukushisa esingaphansi umcengezi abandayo.

ithiyori kilojoule, okuyinto kwahlongozwa ekhulwini le-17, uGalileo, ososayensi baye waphikisa J. kaJoweli B. Rumford. Baba ukuthi ukushisa akanayo isisindo futhi lubonakala ngokukhethekile ezinyakazayo mechanical yezinhlayiya.

Uyini umthamo ukushisa ezikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo of izidakamizwa? ukushisa Specific amandla omlilo

Kuze kube manje, isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi imithombo yamandla kukhona Peat, uwoyela, amalahle, igesi yemvelo noma ukhuni. I amandla omlilo yalezi izinto lwabelwe ethile ukushisa isetshenziselwa Ukushisa, qala izindlela kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D. ukubala lesi silinganiso practice kanjani?

Ngenxa yalesi umqondo yethulwa omlilo ukushisa ethize. Lokhu value kuncike nenani ukushisa okuyinto ikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo of 1 kg into ethile. It is ebekwe q incwadi futhi ulinganiswa J / kg. Ngezansi ithebula abakuzuzile q ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile uphethiloli.

Engineer ukwakhiwa kanye izinjini ukubala odinga ukukwazi ngobungako ukushisa ezikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo of ethile enohlonze. Ngenxa yalesi singasebenzisa izilinganiso engaqondile by ifomula Q = qm, lapho Q - ukubaluleka calorific we ketshezi, q - ukushisa ezithile amandla omlilo (ithebula value), kanye m - mass inikezwe.

Heat ukwakheka ngesikhathi omlilo kusekelwe lo mkhuba amandla ukukhululwa kumiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo elula amandla omlilo carbon ukuthi kuqukethwe zezinhlobo izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa yesimanje. Carbon is kushiswe khona umoya ihlanganisa ne-oxygen ukuze kwakheke i-carbon dioxide. Ukwakheka izibopho zamakhemikhali kwenzeka nge ukukhululwa kwe energy ezishisayo imvelo, futhi amandla lomuntu bazivumelanisa ukusetshenziswa izinjongo zabo.

Ngeshwa, lezi zindleko budedengu kwezinsiza ezibalulekile ezifana namafutha noma Peat, kungakabiphi bangase kuholele Ukuwohloka imithombo ukukhiqizwa lezi zokubasa. Kakade namuhla kukhona izinto zikagesi kanye onobuhle ngisho entsha imoto, okuncike ehlukile imithombo energy njengokukhanya kwelanga, amanzi, noma amandla ungqimba lomhlaba.

ukudluliswa ukushisa

Ikhono ukushintshanisa energy ezishisayo phakathi nomzimba noma umzimba eyodwa kuya kwenye ubizwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa ukushisa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi kwenzeka kuphela uma izinga lokushisa umehluko. Endabeni elula, amandla ezishisayo budluliselwe kusuka evuthayo xaxa umzimba kancane evuthayo kuze kube yilapho kuze yakhoibrium Kumiswa.

Umzimba ngokuzikhethela kube wangaphandle ukuba ukushisa ukudluliselwa mkhuba iphutha. Kunoma ikuphi, ukusungulwa yakhoibrium kungenzeka futhi ibangana phakathi kwalezi izinto, kodwa ngesilinganiso kancane kuka lapho contact.

ukudluliselwa Heat zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu:

1. conductivity Thermal.

2. Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows.

3. exchange akhishwa imisebe yalo.

conductivity ezishisayo

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kusekelwe nokudluliswa energy ezishisayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma molecule ndaba. Imbangela yokudlulisela - ukunyakaza okungahleliwe-molecule ukushayisana zabo njalo. Lapho ukushisa idluliswe komunye-molecule kwenye chain.

Buka ukushisa conduction mkhuba kungaba ukuthungela noma iyiphi impahla yensimbi lapho ebusweni erythema ubabonisa ngokushelela futhi kancane kancane attenuates (ethile ukushisa ikhishwe ku imvelo).

J. Fourier etholakala ifomula ukuze ukushisa yokucucuza, eye baqoqa zonke izinto eziningi ezithinta degree of ukushisa conduction impahla (bheka. UMdwebo ngezansi).

Kulesi ifomula, Q / t - ukushisa yokucucuza, λ - ezishisayo conductivity Coefficient, S - cross-Sectional ndawo, T / X - isilinganiso umehluko lokushisa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphela umzimba akhiwe kude ezithile.

conductivity ezishisayo ukubaluleka labalwa. Siwusizo for ukwahlukanisa indlu noma ukwahlukanisa imishini.

ukushisa ekhazimulayo

Enye indlela ukufudumeza, okuyinto kusekelwe lomkhuba emisebeni kagesi. It ihlukile Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows nokushisa conduction wukuthi yokudlulisa amandla singenzeka esikhaleni cleaner. Nokho, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ngowokuqala, kumelwe abe khona umehluko lokushisa.

exchange ekhazimulayo - yisibonelo ngokudlulisela ukushisa Amandla elanga ukuze komhlaba, okuyinto unomthwalo emisebeni okungcono infrared. Ukunquma ukuthi ukushisa kakhulu ifinyelela komhlaba, zazakhiwe iziteshi eziningi ukuthi ukuqapha ushintsho inkomba.

Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows

Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows komoya ukunyakaza kuhlobene lomkhuba ukudluliswa ukushisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukushisa kakhulu sabika uketshezi noma igesi, solute molecule aqale ukuhambisa ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ingcindezi lonke uhlelo kuyehla kanye nenani, kunalokho, iyakhula. Lokhu kuyisizathu esenza ukuba kube ukuhamba izikhatha zomoya oshisayo noma ezinye igesi ageleza phezulu.

Isibonelo elula ukusetshenziswa mkhuba Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows in the ukufudumeza kwekhaya isikhala kungenziwa ebizwa nge amabhethri. Basuke etholakala ezansi egumbini akunjalo nje, futhi ukufudumeza emoyeni okwakukhona avuke, okuholela ukugeleza kwegazi ngokusebenzisa egumbini.

Ungakwenza kanjani kukalwe ukushisa?

Ukuvutha Ukushisa noma Ukupholisa ngomoya kubalwa izibalo usebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile - Calorimeter. Ukufaka ngci emelelwa esibuthakathaka ezinkulu ezigcwele amanzi. thermometer sokulinganisa lokushisa kokuqala medium lehliselwa in the ketshezi. Khona-ke bacwilisa ku umzimba amanzi ukufuthelana ukubala uketshezi lokushisa ushintsho ngemuva kokumiswa zilingana.

Ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa t naphakathi kunqunywa, nenani ukushisa for amalahle umzimba ukuze kusetshenziswe. I Calorimeter iyithuluzi elingeyona inkimbinkimbi ukuthi angakwazi ukubhalisa ushintsho lokushisa.

Futhi, usebenzisa Calorimeter ungakwazi ukubala malini yokushisa ezikhishwe ngesikhathi omlilo of izinto. Ngenxa yale njongo, isitsha wagcwala amanzi, ibekwe "ibhomu." Lokhu "ibhomu" uyisitsha avaliwe lapho ukuhlolwa izidakamizwa itholakala. Ukuze lokhu wafingqa electrode esikhethekile ukuthungela futhi ekamelweni ligcwele umoya-mpilo. Ngemva ephelele omlilo ejenti eqoshiwe ushintsho kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi.

Phakathi kwalezi ucwaningo luthole ukuthi imithombo ukushisa kukhona ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganise izikhali zenuzi. ukusabela Nuclear zenzeka izingqimba ezijulile Umhlaba, obumba main ukushisa supply yonke le mbulunga. Babuye esetshenziswa indoda ukukhiqiza amandla phakathi Fusion.

Izibonelo zamakhemikhali kuthiwa evutha izinto futhi yokubola polymers ukuba monomers ohlelweni womuntu wokugaya ukudla. Ikhwalithi izibopho zamakhemikhali engqamuzaneni kanye nobungako kunquma ukuthi ukushisa kakhulu aqhame ekugcineni.

Yini kukalwa ukushisa?

Iyunithi nesilinganiso ukushisa ohlelweni SI iyona joule (J). Futhi, non-SI amayunithi ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke - ikhalori. 1 ikhalori elilingana 4,1868 J kanye standard international esekelwe 4.184 J. thermochemistry. Ngasekuqaleni wahlangana British ezishisayo iyunithi BTU, eye akuvamile ezisetshenziswa ososayensi. 1 BTU = 1,055 J.