Uchungechunge Derivational amagama anzima. Kanjani ukwakha uchungechunge izwi wokwakha? Izibonelo amaketanga derivational

Thola nokujwayela indlela yokwakha uchungechunge izwi-ekwakhekeni, kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuyikhono kuzovumela umkhondo ukulandelana yokudala inkulumo iyunithi entsha futhi ugweme amaphutha esikhathini esizayo.

Esuselwe futhi ukhiqiza amazwi

Zonke osanda kusungulwa izakhi inkulumo ngolimi Russian anesisekelo esuselwe. uchungechunge Derivational of amagama anzima yakhiwe ngesisekelo the elula - esikhiqiza (esekele) amayunithi. Kuyinto base. Konke amazwi elalisanda kumiswa zihlobene (eyashukumisela). Lo mthetho usebenza kuzo zonke izimo, ukwakheka inkulumo amayunithi ezintsha.

izwi Bashukunyiselwa has a isakhiwo ebudisi mayelana ukukhiqizwa kokudla. Lokhu kubonakala ngezici semantic, morphological nesitayela.

Sibheka uchungechunge derivational - izibonelo nemikhiqizo kanye izakhi esikhiqiza:

• Glass <= ngaphansi nengilazi-nick, lapho ingilazi - ashukumisa iyunithi. Cup umnikazi - esuselwe.
• Beat <= wena-bit *, lapho beat - esikhiqiza izwi. Knock - nesisusa.

Non-esuselwe (unmotivated) izwi

Ngo-Russian kukhona inkulumo amayunithi, ezingalotshwanga kwakhiwa kusuka Ngamanye amazwi nge impande efanayo. Kulaba izinhlobo bathi isisekelo non-esuselwe. Derivational izwi uchungechunge kokuba substrate unmotivated kungase zimiswe kuphela iyunithi kanje: ifomu-non-esuselwe njengoba odala <= ifomu eyashukumisela. Lokho igama eliyisisekelo iyona elula kunazo zonke kwengoma.

Unmotivated inkulumo amayunithi ngokuvamile aqukethe impande efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo: Umfowenu, isitulo, ngosuku.

Kuyini uchungechunge derivational

Iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke kwakhiwa kwemagama sikhiqiza fomu. Kususelwa ke, Ukurhemisa zonke izinto ezihlobene. uchungechunge Derivational ukulandelana amafomu inkulumo kokuba impande olulodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici esisha ngasinye kulandela kusukela kulowo odlule. Okungukuthi, ukulandelana has a isakhiwo phezulu.

iyunithi ngayinye entsha ku okwakhayo uchungechunge amafomu nalo mbhangqwana owedlule kwezwi futhi kuyinto esuselwe ke. Elinye igama, esikhundleni salokho, kuyinto zishukumise.

Cabangela nasi isibonelo. Ngo a aluka uchungechunge <= womeluki <= womeluki 'womeluki' lisuselwa maqondana "sifake", kuyilapho maqondana "womeluki" It inhliziyo.

Kuyini iketango derivational

uchungechunge Derivational kwegama elithi - ukulandelana yokukhuluma amayunithi ezintsha. Ulimi - indlela esiphilayo njalo olusha. Njengoba kucaca ukuthi iningi entsha yokukhuluma amayunithi e isiRashiya - okunye, kwakhiwa kwemagama kuyisici esibalulekile ukuze ukuqonda ukubaluleka kolimi kanye nokwenzeka nokwenziwa.

Ukuze ukwakheka amakhono futhi baqinise amakhono yokwakha Kulandzelanisa ezifanele ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ezifana:

• ukudala uchungechunge izwi-kumiswa izwi inikezwe;
• Thola ukuma Generating;
• ukusho ukuthi iketango ezakha ukulandelana;
• ukuhlonza ngesisekelo zishukumise;
• ukunquma amaketanga eziningi kanjani kwezwi-kwetinhlavu esidlekeni.

izwi ukwakha isidleke

Ngamaketanga derivational sihlanganise stemmings inkulumo iyunithi nge incazelo evamile semantic ke kukwazi ukwakhiwa kwenye ukulandelana. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-izisekelo. Lona umqondo yakhula kakhulu oyakhayo kakade amafomu amasha lucebe.

Igama-ukwakha isidleke - iqoqo amaketanga sihlanganise inkulumo amayunithi nge inani esinikelweko. Kubalulekile ungacabangi nje kuphela ngokuthi impande ezivamile, kodwa iqiniso ukusondela semantic. Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli isidleke izwi ukwakha nguye elula. siphakamise elula phakathi izakhi cognate ngamazwi kuphela, kungenzeka ukuthola indlela ukulandelana eziningi ngesisekelo kungase kwakhiwe namasha.

Ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge derivational: ubuso <= depersonalize <= depersonalize bakha sikhehle yezinhlamvu: ubuso <= phambi <= ngamatshe. Inkulumo iyunithi "ubuso" lisuselwa kule isidleke.

izindlela ka kwemagama

Ukuze ugweme amaphutha ekulungiseleleni ngamaketanga derivational, kuyaqondakala ukuthi isiRashiya kukhona ukwakhiwa izici ezintsha inkulumo.

Thola izindlela eziningana:

1. Ukuhlanganisa. Kumiswa iyunithi entsha ngokujoyina i ngesisekelo izwi elilodwa kumila omunye (noma elisekela ngaphezulu). Kukhona ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• esikhiqiza stem + yokuxhuma unkamisa + amazwi ashukumisa: igesi-o-silicate, esigcwele ka-ofunda. Kwezinye izimo, le unkamisa yokuxhuma kungenzeka ukuthi ziyashoda: Kaliningrad;
• esikhiqiza isisekelo base + ukhiqiza imibhede usofa, lwavutha isiketi, isikhulu-non-ethunywe;
• esikhiqiza esikhiqiza base + base + Isijobelelo: ekhanda-imfucuza-to-a;
• isifinyezo: kumiswa amagama ayingxube ngokungeza elisekela ngokuphelele noma ingxenye aquntiwe: inyuvesi, Ibutho, zavskladom.

2. Indlela morphological - ngosizo affixes:

• Isijobelelo (usebenzisa tijobelelo): raspberry-nick <= raspberry;
• prefixing (usebenzisa iziqalo); kabusha run <= ukusebenzisa;
• Postaffixal (-Yini-noma, ngolunye usuku, Xia): ukushada Xia <= ukuba bashade;
• Inhlanganisela (prefixed-isijobelelo, suffixal prefixing et al.)

3. Ukuguqula (indlela Morpho-syntactic). Kulokhu, izwi lungekho ngaphansi noma yiziphi izinguquko. Inqubo kumiswa Emayunithi lamasha Kwenziwa ukushintsha komunye tenkhulumo.

• substantivizing - ekwakhekeni Ibizo kusuka kwenye ingxenye yenkulumo: ukusebenza ehlelekile, vuka,
• adjectivization - kumiswa isiphawulo ngokudluliswa zivela kwezinye izingxenye ze inkulumo: amehlo evutha (qhathanisa: esithandweni yamalahle evutha);
• pronominalizatsiya (kwathatha izabizwana): mongo, kulowo muzi;
• adverbializatsiya (angenise isandiso): e yayo uzokwenza (qhathanisa: isenzo ngecebo lakho y);
• kwathatha tandziso: sibonga esijabulisayo (qhathanisa: sibonga usizo kuye).

4. lucebe-semantic indlela. Igama ayishintshi oyiyo morphological, ezuza incazelo ehlukile: onion (isitshalo) - umnsalo (isikhali), ibhulashi (Umdwebo) - Brush (mountain ash).

5. lexico-syntactic indlela: uhlangane amayunithi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu libe ngelilodwa ngokufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo: Okulandelayo (ezibalwe ngezansi), ayizwakali (kancane ngempumelelo).

Algorithm ukudweba uchungechunge okwakhayo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukwenza uchungechunge izwi-ekwakhekeni, kubalulekile ukuba uhlole ukulandelana yezenzo. ekuhambisaneni zonke izinto ngeke kakhulu lula umsebenzi.

1. Wafaka izwi ukuma yokuqala.
2. Khetha zonke affixes etholakalayo - ticalo, tijobelelo kanye izimpande.
3. Tfola indlela imfundo.
4. Thola incazelo semantic timphawu tenkhulumo (uma kunesidingo - ngosizo isichazamazwi).
5. Uchungechunge lwemfundo eyodwa impande amayunithi eyolanda Generating lenani efanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ufuna ukucinga UKUKHIQIZA kwegama elithi "umnikazi".

Khetha impande kanye affixes: a-inkomishi-nick, lapho - Isiqalo, isidlaliso - Isijobelelo ingilazi - impande. Prefixal-Isijobelelo indlela kwemagama. Sichaza incazelo semantic: inkomishi umnikazi - into ibekwe ngaphansi ingilazi. Ngakho esikhiqiza igama elithi "ingilazi 'uyogcwalisa kuleli cala.

Izibonelo amaketanga derivational

Cabangela lezi zibonelo ezimbalwa okukhiwa ukulandelana.

"Injabulo" KaKhisimusi edingekayo uchungechunge derivational nge izwi.

Ngokwe-algorithm:

1. Ifomu kokuqala - "ngokwenama okukhulu."
2. Khetha affixes: isikhathi Izigwedlo-futhi Th-Xia. Tijobelelo: ekubumbeni - futhi - ifomu indeterminate -t i-, postfix izimo zesenzo segama ukubuya Xia. Isiqalo ezahlukene. impande -vesel-.
3. Nquma uhlobo kwemagama: sakwazi ukugqamisa Isijobelelo oluhlelekile Isiqalo. Ngakho, indlela - izingxenyekazi-Isijobelelo.
4. Khetha incazelo timphawu inkulumo "ngokwenama okukhulu": angene ajabule, mnandi.
5. Inqubo kwemagama - prefixed-Isijobelelo. Ufuna odala iyunithi ngokusebenzisa yokuncishiswa. izwi Esishukumisayo isenzo iphendule "ngokwenama okukhulu" is a non-ukubuya Isenzo "ngokwenama okukhulu." Isiqalo ezahlukene, kulesi simo inenani isenzo ngamandla. Ikhiqiza izwi Isenzo "ngokwenama okukhulu" Ngaphezu elula isici "ngokwenama okukhulu", kwakhiwa okuyinto yena, sichasiso "onamileyo." Ngakho, uchungechunge derivational kuyoba:

Sexy <= hlekisa <= okukhulu <= okukhulu

Dala uchungechunge izwi wokwakha ngoba ibizo elithi "ngosawoti."

Ngokwe-algorithm:

1. Ifomu kokuqala - "salting."
2. Khetha affixes kanye impande ngokuba sol i-kahle. Isiqalo: impande za-: -hydrochloric - Isijobelelo: -k-, flexion: s.
3. Indlela bheke: prefixal-Isijobelelo.
4. Sichaza incazelo semantic ka "ngosawoti": ukulondolozwa usebenzisa usawoti.
5. Sifuna ukudala elula kuveza izwi. I -k Isijobelelo - ibonisa ukuthi isici izwi yigama isinyathelo, futhi lisuselwa isenzo. pair Derivational ukwethula nesenzo ibizo "amanzi okugqumisa". Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, isiqalo za- ukuphela isenzo - ". Usawoti" sento kwakhiwa kusuka amafomu ngaphezulu okulula "Ukuze usawoti" - ukwenza okuthile pickled usebenzisa usawoti. Ukhicita igama elithi "usawoti". uchungechunge Derivational ngeke uthayiphe:

Salt <= usawoti <= amanzi okugqumisa <= salting

Ukwakha uchungechunge izwi-zokwakha Isiphawulo esithi "nepedagogichno".

Ngokwe-algorithm:

1. Ifomu kokuqala - nepedagogichno.
2. Khetha morpheme: non-padagog-DBS kuqala. Isiqalo non-impande -pedagog-, nary isijobelelo -, -S flexion.
3. Indlela bheke: prefixal-Isijobelelo.
4. Chaza incazelo semantic "nepedagogichno": namazinga ka pedagogy.
5. Inqubo kwemagama - prefixal-Isijobelelo. Sifuna elula morphemic Ukwakheka iyunithi. Kumiswa Isiphawulo esithi "nepedagogichno" is kusukela ingxenye efanayo yokukhuluma "ezinengqondo" nge isiqalo nge engeke ezimbi. Ngakho, iyunithi ekhiqiza umbhangqwana yizwi "ezinengqondo". Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kwakheka Isiphawulo esithi "onomqondo" by isijobelelo okwakhayo - ichn- kusukela ibizo 'pedagogy'. Lokhu slvo lisuselwa elula Ukwakheka ibizo elithi "umfundisi" nelithi. Ngakho, iyunithi Generating (vertex) yalesi ukulandelana kuyinto ibizo elithi "umfundisi" nelithi. uchungechunge Derivational simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

uthisha <= pedagogy <= ezinengqondo <= nepedagogichno

Dala uchungechunge izwi wokwakha "razgrimirovatsya" Isenzo.

Sifeza izinyathelo ngokuvumelana algorithm:

1. ifomu kwekusebentisa - "razgrimirovatsya".
2. Khetha affixes: isikhathi ukwakheka kwabantu-Irova-Th-Xia. Isiqalo: impande ezahlukene: -grim -, ekubumbeni Isijobelelo isenzo - irova- futhi bethela -t ukuma nanini, postfix-Xia.
3. Indlela bheke: prefixal-Isijobelelo.
4. Sichaza okushiwo semantic isenzo esithi "razgrimirovatsya": suka makeup wakhe.
5. Indlela kwemagama - izingxenyekazi-isijobelelo, kusho ngifuna isakhiwo elula iyunithi morphemic. kwakhiwa Breakout Isenzo "razgrimirovatsya" is ngokubuyisela isenzo esithi "enze-up" nge isiqalo ezahlukene nenani ngaphambi yokukhansela senzo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, sento iphendule "enze-up" - non-ukubuya isenzo esithi "bakha." Ikhiqiza igama elithi "abakha" Isenzo is a non-esuselwe ibizo "makeup", okuyinto vertex wokulandelana. uchungechunge Derivational limelela uhlelo ezilandelayo:

ukwakheka <= ezakha <= ukwakheka <= razgrimirovatsya

Kufanele sinake

Ekubhaleni amaketanga derivational Kunconywa ukuba banake ezicashile ezilandelayo:

• akufanele kube bheke bedidekile futhi ukuhlaziywa okwakhayo. Izinhloso Kugcine ukuhlonza izinhlobo izwi elifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo: ngigijima - uyabaleka - kwabaleka. Nakuba umgomo oyinhloko we ukuhlaziywa kuyinto uchungechunge derivational Emayunithi lamasha lucebe;
• ngesisekelo osanda kusungulwa inkulumo isici ngokuvamile uhlanganisa affixes amaningi kunalawo zishukumise. Ngokwesibonelo, ku pair okwakhayo: ebusika <= ebusika esikhiqiza base kuhlanganisa omunye bethela - impande - zim-, kuyilapho ngesisekelo igama ezicatshangisisiwe siqukethe impande - zim- kanye nesijobelelo - n.
• enkulumweni ngazimbili elisho umuntu noma isilwane, iduna nensikazi, esikhiqiza esifushane, njengoba umthetho, kuba Ibizo wesilisa. Ngokwesibonelo: Weaver <= womeluki; Goose <= ihansi;
• ngababili, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezahlukene inkulumo - Isenzo, okubonisa isenzo lokuhlaziya, futhi ibizo noma isiphawulo, okubonisa uphawu, derivatives izwi ngokuvamile zebizo. Ngokwesibonelo: ubudala <= ukuguga kuhhavini <= namakhekhe;
• kwakhiwa tento iphendule main okuyingxenye is non-okubuyisekayo. Ngokwesibonelo: ukufundisa <= ukufunda, ukushada <= bashade;
• nge izwi isenzo ngokuvamile usebenza elandelayo scheme: non-esuselwe isenzo Yeqa imperfective <= perfective tento nge isiqalo <= isenzo ne isiqalo nesijobelelo imperfective: ukubukela <= umbono <= buka, ukuhlwanyela <= ukuhlwanyela <= zaseivat s;
• ku bheke of tandziso e -O Generating iyunithi ke ngokuvamile kuba isiphawulo: omuhle <= ezinhle, okusheshayo <= sokuprakthiza kodwa.

Ukusebenzisa izichazamazwi ekulungiseleleni amaketanga derivational

Ngisho ne esiqinile ukuhambisana umdwebo algorithm amaketanga derivational ngezinye izikhathi ukubangela izinkinga ezithile. Kulokhu-ke siwukuthi kuyafaneleka ukusebenzisa isichazamazwi. Kukhona ama-editions ekhethekile, ngosizo okuyinto kungenzeka ukukhetha ngendlela efanayo impande cishe kunoma iyiphi izakhi inkulumo. Ziyakwazi unikezwa amaketanga izwi ukwakha - izibonelo amayunithi ongewona esuselwe kanye nazo zonke izimila yayo. Cacisa amasu kanye nezinhlobo ekwakheni form.Takzhe ngokolimi ungathola amathiphu kanjani ukwenza uchungechunge izwi-abahlele izakhi ethile yokukhuluma.

amafomu esuselwe zitholakala kuleli bhukwana alfabhethi. Uhlelo oluphelele kakhulu isihloko esithi "IZwi-kumiswa Dictionary isiRashiya" e 2 amavolumu.

Ukusebenzisa izichazamazwi kusiza ngamaketanga obumba, futhi ikhuthaza nokwenziwa silulumagama lesisha.