Silver (metal): izakhiwo, isithombe. Indlela yokubona esiliva

Silver - metal (isithombe bona ngezansi), okuyinto ingenye ezingavamile izakhi zamakhemikhali. It is avame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni imigexo.

Nokho, isiliva - metal ukuthi has a ububanzi enkulu. Ngaphandle-ke akusho ukwenza namabhayisikobho kanye imithi, izithombe ne-engineering. Sebenzisa isiliva, njengoba ithuluzi utshalomali. Kule ndaba, akusiyo eliphansi kuya igolide. Kunalokho, isiliva livame ukusetshenziswa yilabo abatshala izimali, ehlukahlukene izingozi.

Isiliva njengoba element kwamakhemikhali

Silver - metal noma non-metal? Yiqiniso, metal. Futhi ukuqinisekisa lokhu ohlelweni gqwa, Mendeleev ihlanganiswe. Thola metal kungenzeka eqenjini yayo yokuqala. Inombolo yama-athomu zesiliva - 47. Isisindo sayo-athomu kuyinto 107,8682.

Silver - metal ezihloniphekayo, esakhiwa isotopes ezimbili. It 107Ag futhi 109Ag. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi evulekile isikhathi esingaphezu amathathu isomers futhi isotopes enemisebe zesiliva zazo izinombolo mass bavela 99 kuya 123. Iningi ezinhlanu lezi eside waphila - 109Ag - has a ukuphila nengxenye engu 130.

Umsuka igama

Silver - Metal, okuyinto yabakhanga abantu endulo. Igama elithi "esiliva" livela-Sanskrit elithi "Argenta". Kusho "ukukhanya". Latin "Argentum" (esiliva) has izimpande efanayo. Kodwa lolu limi, kusho "ezimhlophe."

Silver - metal ezihloniphekayo, futhi ayizange iphumelele le alchemy ohlangothini. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ziye zasungula indlela ngempumuzo kwalesi sakhi zemvelo.

Ngo-Russian we sensimbi ngokuthi "esiliva" eyaziwa, ngesiNgisi kuzwakala "Isiliva", e-German - "Zilber". Wonke la mazwi zazivela yasendulo Indian "Sarpa" kusho inyanga. Incazelo kule ulula. bezinto esiliva akhumbuza abantu ukukhanyisa umzimba ongaqondakali yasezulwini.

Umlando metal yizicukuthwane

Isiliva ejwayelene esintwini kusukela kudala. Usuku olunembile ukutholakala yayo ayaziwa. Nokho, imithombo ebhalwe ibonisa ukuthi lokhu metal imihlobiso ashiwo abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isiliva abe ivelakancane kunegolide ngakhoke zenani siphezulu.

Ezimayini lokuqala for the isizinda kwalesi sakhi yemvelo yasungulwa abaseFenike ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile. Ukuthuthukiswa senzeka aseKhupro nase Corsica, kanye e-Spain.

Njengoba imigexo ngaleso sikhathi esiliva sasaziswa fabulously ezibizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, neRoma lasendulo vertex okunethezeka lokhu usawoti kwakuyi-rock enesigqi enhle. Kungani isici okufana ezivamile ngokwemvelo Ithandwa abantu? Iqiniso lokuthi abantu bazi kuphela metal bomdabu. Thola kwakunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kuvikela sulfide, ehlanganisa wonke ebumnyameni patina okuyigugu.

Ukuvula iphuzu emlandweni esiliva waqala ucwaningo olwenziwa alchemy ephakathi. Inhloso yalo ucwaningo kwaba nakanzima ukuze bathole igolide kunoma iyiphi enye metal. Ngakho baseYurophu abakwazi ukukhipha yesiliva kubantwana compounds yayo nge ezahlukene izakhi zamakhemikhali (i-arsenic, chlorine, njll).

Ngo izindaba indima esiliva abalulekile adlalwa umuntu ezifana Scheele, Paracelsus et al. Abacwaningi Idatha uphenyo esiliva (metal), property compounds. Ngenxa yalokho, kwenziwa iziphetho ezithakazelisayo. Ngakho, iqiniso kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi isici has a yemvelo magciwane izakhiwo ukuthi babebhekwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, abelaphi waseGibhithe esiliva ipuleti yasetshenziselwa ukwelapha izilonda ukuvimbela ukwakheka kobovu kuzo. izakhiwo High elwa namagciwane lokhu metal luhlolokulinganisa yezikhulu. Ngakho, kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka lahlotshaniswa nokuba izinga futhi kuyabiza izitsha kwaba silverware. Ngu ukuthi ngcono production metal isikhathi isintu indlela echazwe, esangenza ke kakhulu eshibhile.

Isiliva isetshenzisiwe futhi njengendlela yokukhokha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wenza uhlamvu lwemali. Lokho kwanika abaseRussia esiliva aphoqelelwe ukuba sisho igama iyunithi yemali. Ukuze izibalo eRussia chops off isilinganiso esifanele bullion esiliva. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi igama elithi "i-ruble" yangena ukusetshenziswa.

izakhiwo

Silver - kwensimbi kuqhathaniswa ductile futhi ezithambile. Kusukela igremu yayo eyodwa kungenziwa welulela wire esihle kakhulu, ubude baso kuyoba cishe amabili amakhilomitha.

Silver - heavy metal kokuba kwabantu 10.5 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Ngenxa yalesi inkomba, element kancane kuphela kunabayeni ukuhola.

Silver - Metal, okuyinto ayinakuqhathaniswa phezu conductivity kagesi futhi ezishisayo. Yingakho-ke ngokushesha kushiswa amanzi ashisayo ingilazi spoon eyenziwe kule nto.

Yini nezinye izakhiwo isiliva? Uyini metal ngokuvamile esetshenziswa Jewelers? Silver - material ngawo umsebenzi kulula. Lokhu kungenxa ikhono layo ukuze igcwale amanzi ezingeni lokushisa 962 degrees. Lokhu value kuqhathaniswa ongaphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxubevange esiliva kalula nezinye izinsimbi eziningi ukushintsha izici zayo. Ngakho, ithusi kungandisa nobulukhuni the ductile isici zemvelo. Lapho wanezela esiliva iba zafanelwa womshini imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Lo msuka isimanga kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe emibhalweni yakhe DI Mendeleev. Wabuye waveza kanjani ukucacisa esiliva wensimbi phakathi kwabanye. Okokuqala, ingxenye yizicukuthwane is zihlukaniswa ngemibala salo esimhlophe kakhudlwana futhi emsulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiliva yathamba uchayeke nemihuzuko.

chemical izakhiwo

Indlela ukuhlukanisa kusuka metal yesiliva imikhiqizo ngomumo eyenziwe? Izindandatho, nezigqizo, spoon, imfoloko, abanikazi inkomishi kanye zemali lasendulo ekugcineni ziqala ukufiphala, ngisho ujike abamnyama. Isizathu salokhu iba ukuchayeka kwabo kuyi-hydrogen sulfide. the yokugcina iwumthombo amaqanda ebolile hhayi kuphela. Hydrogen sulfide siqokomisa iraba futhi abanye polymers. A chemical yokusabela kwenzeka khona ezinye umswakama. Uma uyikha phezulu le izihloko kanjalo ukwakha emihle kakhulu sulfide ifilimu. Ekuqaleni, ngenxa play yokukhanya kubonakala kamnandi. Nokho, ifilimu sulfide kancane kancane uqweqwe. It mnyama, eshintsha umbala yayo nsundu bese black.

Isiliva sulfide ayikwazi abhidlizwa ngesikhathi ukushisa okukhulu, chaza acid kanye alkalis. Uma iquketheni akuyona obukhulu kakhulu, isuswa esebenza ngemishini. Umkhiqizo yanele ukuba sula noma powder wokuxubha ngamanzi anensipho ukuyibuyisa sengathi siyakhazimula.

Indlela ukuhlukanisa kusuka metal esiliva ngezinye izindlela? Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa zamakhemikhali. elementi Noble kungenziwa kalula ziyoncibilika acid ezithile. Lokhu kushisa bagxila nitric futhi sulfuric, kanye iodine kanye hydrobromic acid. Uma ukusabela chemical phakathi isiliva hydrochloric acid ebukhoneni umoya-mpilo, kwadlula yi zawo + ziyoba yinto enhle eziyinkimbinkimbi metal halides.

Isiliva akasabeli ne-hydrogen ne-nitrogen eningi. Akukona ukuxubana carbon. Ngokuphathelene phosphorus, kungangena isiliva, nje ukufinyelela okushisa red-hot okuthi phosphide. Kodwa nge grey ensimbini eyigugu iyaphendula ngempela kalula. Lapho Ukushisa, lezi zinto akhiwa sulfide. Ingqikithi efanayo ingatholakala esimweni ukuchayeka gaseous sulphur metal ashisayo.

Okuthakazelisayo chemical ukusabela metal yizicukuthwane umoya-mpilo. Naye isiliva akasabeli, kodwa ukuncibilikisa imali ethe igesi may namanje. Le mpahla metal ngokubeka amalahle ngaphansi kunomthelela kwavela kuyingozi kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo into enhle. Lokhu lekufafazweni esiliva. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.

Silver - metal, ogama izakhiwo uyivumele, efana negolide, basabela kalula nge -aqua regia, futhi hydrochloric acid ayegcwele chlorine. Ngenxa ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela iwela i kwenze zingaxazululeki, kwakhiwa njengoba kancane chloride encibilikayo is. Lezi umehluko ukuziphatha isiliva negolide ivame ukwehlukanisa nabo.

Onekhono metal kwenyanga ziyoncibilika alulaze sulfuric acid. Nokho, lokhu esiliva kumele fake ihlukaniswe futhi waxhumana ne-oksijini.

I metal yizicukuthwane kungenziwa oncibilikiswe izixazululo aqueous of umhlaba ane-alikhali futhi alikhali metal cyanides, uma ngokwanele ayegcwele emoyeni. Ukusabela okufanayo futhi luthelwe isixazululo aqueous of thiourea esiliva, okuyizinto i usawoti yensimbi.

Compounds metal ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, bavame ukuba inombolo yokuqala omuhle namachibi. Amanye ama-elementi lokhu Inkomba ifinyelela ukubaluleka ezimbili noma ezintathu. Nokho, compounds esiliva ezinjalo abanalo SIZUZISA.

izakhiwo begazi

Silver - metal (bheka ngezansi isithombe), elisesifundeni izinto eziphilayo equkethwe ngaphansi kasithupha ukwedlula enhlabathini. Ngamanye amazwi, lesi sici ayibhekiseli eziphilayo.

Nokho, inani elincane ion omuhle esiliva kumanele ukugeleza izinqubo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezikhathini zasendulo ezaziwa ikhono wehlise lokuhlushwa lokhu metal nomphumela amagciwane emanzini okuphuza. inani Ngisho ezinjalo ezincane ion njengoba 0.05 angu ilitha, inikeza umsebenzi okwanele imithi elwa nawo. Imithombo enjalo yamanzi ingagxila ngaphandle kokwesaba empilweni yazo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukunambitheka, Nokho, uhlala ingashintshiwe.

Uma uketshezi has a 0.1 milligram ilitha ion esiliva ngamunye, kungenzeka ukuba alondoloze unyaka owodwa. Kodwa akufanele babe sesimeni amanzi abilayo. lokushisa High kuholela yokuthi athomu esiliva aphole.
Impahla amagciwane timphawu yizicukuthwane ikuvumela ukuyisebenzisa kabanzi abilayo amanzi okuphuza. Yingakho kwezinye izihlungi muzi zesiliva carbon isebenze. Le ngxenye ikhomba azinakwa umthamo ekwelapheni ion emanzini.

Elwa Namagciwane ikhono esiliva uthola isicelo yayo kanye magciwane of okubhukuda. Bona amanzi ligcwele bromide metal. lokuhlala Eliphansi AgBr (0,08 mg / l) akuyona ingozi ukuze abantu futhi umonakala ulwelwe nezinto ezincane eziphilayo pathogenic.

Singabonisa kanjani ukuchaza isinyathelo amagciwane ion esiliva? Iqiniso lokuthi ezisithintayo impilo amagciwane ahlukene, kwaphazamiseka yabo yelikhono begazi. Yilokho kanye izenzo esiliva. Yikuphi metal namanje uyakwazi lokhu? Phakathi izinto ezinjalo, isibonelo, i-mercury. Yena, isiliva, - heavy metal Nokho, ezinobuthi okuningi. chloride Mercuric zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini yaso, siba yingozi kwempilo yabantu. It has izakhiwo efanayo nethusi.

Imiphumela emibi esiliva

Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi imfuyo, okuyinto singabasiza abantu ngemithamo emincane, kuba ebulalayo inqwaba. Lezi zici akunakubangelwa, nesiliva. Ucwaningo wafakazela ukuthi amanani ezinkulu metal ion kunganciphisa omzimba izilwane zokuhlola, wenze izinguquko ongathandeki emsipheni nezicubu semithambo yobuchopho. Ngisho ukuphuza amaphilisi amaningi zilimaza isibindi, yegilo nezinso. Ekusebenteni, kwaba nezigameko lapho abantu bathole ubuthi kusukela imikhiqizo esiliva, okuyinto ubephelezelwa iziyaluyalu kakhulu engqondweni. Ngenhlanhla, lesi sici kalula esephetha umzimba.

Isimo sokugembula kubangelwa metal oyinyanga

Zokwelapha kukhona isimo engavamile ebizwa argyria. Kubonakala umuntu uma kwenzeka iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe wayesebenza ngesiliva noma nosawoti yayo. Lezi izinto ezidla ngemithamo emincane e i umzimba, kodwa uhlehlise ezicutshini zezinzwa, kanye ezindongeni capillary we nezinso, umnkantsha futhi ubende. On the izimpawu zangaphandle lokhu zokugula ekholisayo bathi ngezansi izithombe.

Silver - Metal, okuyinto kancane kancane aqoqana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila futhi esikhumbeni, wasinikeza a umbala bluish noma grey-oluhlaza. Kulokhu, it kuxhopha ikakhulukazi lezo zindawo emzimbeni ukuthi bavezwa ukukhanya. Ngezinye izikhathi umbala kwesikhumba is ngakho washintsha ukuthi umuntu uba njengamazwi sase-Afrika.

ukuthuthukiswa Argyria uyephuza kakhulu. Izimpawu zayo kuqala babe zile emva amabili kuya kwemine umsebenzi njalo ngesiliva. I ukuhwalala esiqine ebonwe emashumini. Okokuqala, ekushintsheni umbala izindebe, amathempeli, conjunctiva esweni. Khona-ke mnyama Isivalo. izinsini Ngezikhathi ezithile zaveza nolwelwesi lwamafinyila we ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, futhi imbobo nail. Argyria ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala ngesimo izindawo ezincane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Lahla kwalesi sifo futhi ubuyisele ibala akukwazi ubudala. Nokho, ngaphezu ngokuphazamisa zangaphandle yezimonyo, isiguli akusho ukukhononda ngezimo lutho. Yingakho Argir kungaba ngokwemibandela kuphela kubhekwe isifo. Kulesi sifo linenzuzo. Indoda ngokoqobo ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali esiliva, ungalokothi uhlushwa izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukuphulukisa ukubulala bonke ion ngokufaka Amagciwane emzimbeni.

izinsimbi ezifanayo

Silver - metal anemibala, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba nzima ukuhlukanisa kusukela efana ke ngokubukeka. Kwenza kube nzima, kodwa ngempela.

Metal, efana esiliva, kungaba gold white, isiliva ne-nickel noma aluminium. Indlela ukuhlukanisa kungaba phakathi kwabo? Nquma umkhiqizo kwakhiwa kusukela igolide nesiliva noma ezimhlophe can kuphela izisebenzi ujwayelene imininingwane lezi zinsimbi. Do it ngokwakho ekhaya is hhayi Kunconywa.

Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga insimbi ezimbili ezithi azifane kakhulu. Iqiniso ukuthi igolide ingxubevange white iphesenti eliphezulu esiliva. Ukuhlukanisa imikhiqizo ezenziwe ngale zinto kungaba kuphela okokuhloba abayoba ukubala kwabantu yasekuqaleni.

Silver - metal emibala, okuyinto evame kudidaniswe nickel esiliva. Lesi sakamuva kuyinto ingxubevange nickel, phambili nethusi. Ngokuvamile Melchior - production esiliva akha ezahlukene ukuhlolwa lobuchwepheshe. Indlela ukuhlukanisa "insimbi ngaphansi esiliva"? Okokuqala, kudingeka ucabangele ngokucophelela umkhiqizo okhona. On the esiliva German angeze avela ekhotho. On imikhiqizo efana ukubeka kuphela brand "ISC", elibonisa Ukwakheka kwe-ingxubevange (ithusi, nickel nomthofu). ingxubevange Isiliva ihlukile kwabantu kanye nesisindo. Nokho, kulezi zici uyakwazi ukusungula kuphela uchwepheshe. Izindlu kungaba iconsa phezu umkhiqizo nge isixazululo iodine. On esiliva waphuma endaweni, futhi Melchior - akukho.

Ngokuvamile, i-ephakeme aluminium metal ezama ukudlula. Nokho, lona wamuva kuhlukile kunokunikeza isiliva ukuminyana, ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo, ubulukhuni nombala. Imikhiqizo-mbumbulu uzame bona kuphela eminyango kanye nezitolo ahlukahlukene. umhlobiso ezinjalo ngemva amasokisi iDemo uqala oxidize. Ukuhlukanisa isiliva kusukela ikani aluminium nge uzibuthe. I metal yizicukuthwane is akhangwe kuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimuphi umphumela ngokomzimba noma amakhemikhali kwi aluminium kubangela ushintsho umbala walo, ukubukeka kanye nosayizi ukusonteka.

Isiliva izintelezi

Nge ukutholakala kwale nto eyenziwa inqwaba imihlobiso ezahlukene. Silver - ensimbini eyigugu noma cha? Yebo, lokho kuyoba eqenjini okufanayo igolide ne-platinum. Lokhu izinsimbi ezihloniphekayo, okuyinto musa ibhekane namachibi futhi ukugqwala. Precious bebizwa hhayi kuphela ngenxa izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi ngenxa esitokisini esincane eziqukethwe ungqimba lomhlaba.

Silver - izinto ezahlukene. It is ngokulinganayo kuhambisana kahle kwabesifazane nabesilisa abanokuhlangenwe isimo nomphakathi kanye nobudala. Isiliva ihlanganisa ngokuphelele ne koqweqwe lwawo futhi igolide. Kubukeka omkhulu eziyigugu kanye lulwimi anenani, amapharele coral nezinyo lendlovu.

Jewellery sasenziwe ngesiliva ezifanele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Futhi kusukela ezihlukahlukene onobuhle, ungahlala sithathe umkhiqizo ngenxa yesizathu esithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana imibono lasendulo ngalokhu eyinsimbi, uyakwazi ukuze belaphe futhi bagomele athobe. Yingakho-ke akudingekile ukuba ngobuhlanya okusheshayo yobudala angahlala yethu ukuthenga injabulo encane.

Kuze kube manje, Jewelers ukunikela lenqwaba imihlobiso ezahlukene, ukwaziswa okuzocatshangelwa owawungumnyaka esiliva. Ngayinye yalezi imikhiqizo nakanjani uzokunika ajabule. Funda ukuba jewelry esitolo Umbukiso elula.

Silver - elula metal zasebukhosini. Akumangazi ukuthi ukufunwa ubucwebe esitebeleni sakhe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Isici esibalulekile ukuthandwa imigexo zesiliva kube nombala wako. Phela, omunye izingubo imfashini kakhulu kubhekwa aphume ezimpunga metallic sheen Indwangu, kanye omnyama nomhlophe. Lokhu kuthambekela uye wathuthela ubucwebe ezenziwe amatshe ayigugu. High zabathengi isidingo imikhiqizo lapho esiliva is kuhlangene nesafire, Emerald, itopazi, garnet, i-amethiste, tourmaline. Ngokuvamile njengoba ifaka esetshenziswa Malachite futhi Lapis lazuli, ne-agathe, nejaspi, carnelian futhi chalcedony, inhlaka iso tiger sika. Isiliva ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ukudalwa izindandatho namacici ne koqweqwe lwawo, filigree, umbhalo kanye koqweqwe lwawo.

Zonke lezi imihlobiso abe okunye okukhulu. Ukudala imigexo isicelo metal camera ngesiliva. Ngokubukeka futhi izinga izinto ezinjalo akahlukile naleyo ngokuphelele eyenziwe impahla eziyigugu. Esinye sezici ezinhle amanani abo. Yena wesilisa kusimangaze amakhasimende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesiliva plated imigexo kufanelekile labo isikhumba ebucayi. imikhiqizo enjalo musa zibangele noma iyiphi ukucasulwa ubala futhi engashiyi ezisalayo nalapho igqoke. izinga wabo yokuthi abazi nokugqwala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi musa mnyama. Ngakho, isiliva-kuhlinzwa amasongo, amaketanga, namasongo elengayo kukhona isipho esikhulu walithanda umngane wakho owodwa noma. Intengo kwawo kuyamukeleka ngempela, futhi izinga ephelele.