Rock-ukwakha amaminerali of igneous, sedimentary namadwala metamorphic

Iningi amaminerali idwala-ukwakha ingenye imigomo eyinhloko uqweqwe eMhlabeni - edwaleni. Okuvame kakhulu asebenza ngebhethri, mica, feldspar, amphibole, Olivine, pyroxene nabanye. Emkhathini namadwala ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, futhi, ungowabo. Noma yimuphi amaminerali idwala-ukwakha kungokwalabo isigaba esisodwa noma kwenye - main, olunamanzi angamaphesenti angu-ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi, yesibili - engaba amaphesenti angu-eziyishumi, isesekeli - esingaphansi ngephesenti elilodwa. Into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona eyisisekelo, kukhona silicates, nquma, oxides, chloride noma sulfate.

umehluko

Rock-ukwakha amaminerali kungenzeka ukukhanya (leucocratic, Salic), ezifana asebenza ngebhethri, feldspathoids, feldspars, nokunye okunjalo, bese umbala omnyama (melanocratic, mafic) njengoba Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, nabanye. Babuye zihlukaniswa kwengoma. amaminerali Rock-ukwakha kuyinto Silica, carbonate noma Halogen amatshe. Paragenesis - inhlanganisela izinhlobo ezahlukene, belinganisa igama, ngokuthi ukhadinali. Ngokwesibonelo, kuhlangene granites oligoclase, microcline futhi asebenza ngebhethri.

Iqembu namaminerali rock-ukwakha, anikeza endaweni edwaleni taxonomy petrographic - isifo noma lingaze. Lokhu asebenza ngebhethri feldspathoids futhi Olivine. Futhi ukuhlukanisa namaminerali eyinhloko syngenetic obumba lonke zohlobo nokwesibili ezenzeka ngesikhathi ukuguqulwa zohlobo. Kokuqamba main namaminerali idwala-ukwakha kuthiwa izakhi zamakhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi petrogenic. Ingabe O, N, F, S, C, Cl, MG, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

izakhiwo amaminerali

Crystal isakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali ukwakheka kunqunywa izakhiwo zonke namaminerali. Sifo Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene kohlaziyo - ukuhlaziywa Spectral, i-chemistry, i-electron microscopy,-X-ray umumo womsebenzi. Emkhakheni umkhuba kunqunywa ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama (zokuxilonga) izakhiwo amaminerali luyingxenye zibukeke by iso. Iningi lawo abantu ngokomzimba. Nokho, incazelo esiqondile amaminerali kudinga lahlukene izindlela zokuxilonga. Ezinye izakhiwo babe namaminerali ezahlukene ingase ibe okufanayo, kuyilapho abanye - cha.

It kuncike khona ukungcola mechanical, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye Ukukhetha ukuma. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu akuvamile izakhiwo eziyinhloko eziningi kangangokuthi, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuxilonga ngokunembile yiliphi itshe entabeni. izakhiwo Yokucwaninga zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu. izakhiwo Optical kanye mechanical sibonga qembu zabo ukuvumela ukuzimisela Izakhiwo zonke ngetshe elilodwa. iqembu Okwesithathu - omunye, izakhiwo wusizo uphethwe namaminerali ikakhulukazi ezithile.

Monomineral futhi zohlobo polymineral

Rocks amatshe - a accumulations amaminerali yemvelo uyaca, esehlanganise kobuso Earth, ngekubamba lichaza ukwakhiwa amagxolo. Lapha, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, kuhilela ehluke ngokuphelele ukubunjwa amakhemikhali ketshezi. Labo amatshe, ogama Ukwakheka - omunye amaminerali olulodwa ngokuthi monomineral, nayo yonke eminye ehlanganisa ezimbili izinhlobo amatshe nokuningi - multimineral. Ngokwesibonelo, e-limestone - calcite ngokuphelele, Ngakho-ke, yena monominerals. Kodwa egwadle - ahlukahlukene. Bahlanganisa kokubili asebenza ngebhethri futhi mica, futhi feldspar, ngakho ezahlukene okuningi.

Mono- futhi multimineral incike lapho izinqubo Geological eyenzeke endaweni. Ungathatha yiliphi itshe entabeni, futhi ukuchaza esifundeni ngqo, ngisho kwakusinda indawo lapho zithathwe. Ziyafana nomunye, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo cishe ungalokothi okufanayo. Laba yibo bonke amatshe wafunda. Amatshe kakhulu zonke zibukeka zifana, kodwa kwamiswa izakhiwo zabo chemical ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene.

umsuka

Ngokusho izimo lapho kumiswa ezintabeni, ukuhlukanisa sedimentary, metamorphic namadwala igneous. Ukuze amatshe igneous zihlanganisa lowo owayephatha kwakhiwa kusukela kuqhuma magma. Red-hot, ancibilikile, ukupholisa phansi, yaphenduka crystal mass esiqinile. Le nqubo uya ezinsukwini zethu.

I oncibilikisiwe magma lenqwaba zamakhemikhali ukuthi zithonywa umfutho ophakeme futhi izinga lokushisa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi zezakhi kukhona esimweni gaseous. Ingcindezi iphoqa magma kwamanzi noma eduze kuyavumelana futhi uqala ukuba kuphole. Ukushisa okwengeziwe kulahleka, kulapho cishe mass crystallizes. inquma izinga crystallization kanye nosayizi crystal. Uma uyikha phezulu le yenqubo ukupholisa kuyashesha, amagesi shabalala, itshe ngakho okuncane etholwe, futhi ukujula akhiwa zinhlayiya ezinkulu.

Effusive futhi ijulile crystalline rocks

magma acacisa uhlukaniswa uba izici ezimbili eziyinhloko ezinikeza igama leqembu. Ngu rocks magmatic uyalandisa iqembu effusive, isb extrusive futhi awayiphazamisi iqembu - ukujula crystallization. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, magma selehlile ezindaweni ezahlukene, ngakho uthole ezahlukene amaminerali idwala-ukwakha. Izlivshayasya volatilization igesi ahlanganiswe ezinye zamakhemikhali nezinye iba ampofu. zinhlayiya ezincane etholakala. Esikhathini magma ezijulile chemical compounds ayimisha, ukushisa kulahleka kancane, ngakho zinhlayiya e oyiyo ezinkulu.

rocks Effusive kukhona andesites futhi basalts, cishe ingxenye yabo, lingandile Lipari wonke amanye amadwala ungqimba lomhlaba kuyinto engasho lutho. Deep kwakhiwa ikakhulukazi porphyry negwadle, zingabantu izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. rocks Primary igneous kuye ukubunjwa asebenza ngebhethri zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amahlanu. rocks Crystalline zihlanganisa eziningi ukungcola, phakathi lapho kufanele kuphawulwe ezihlukahlukene micro- futhi ultramicroelements ngawo ikhava uqweqwe bonke hlobo of mila.

magma

Magma iqukethe cishe sonke ishadi lesikhathi wabusa Ti, Na, MG, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, futhi ezihlukahlukene izingxenye oluyingozi - chloro, fluoro, i-hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide ne-carbon futhi oxides zayo nokunye, plus amanzi ngesimo umusi. Lapho magma ihamba phezulu kwamanzi, kwehlisa isibalo lakamuva. Ngezinye ukupholisa amafomu magma silicate - mineral esimele Silica compounds ahlukahlukene. Silicates ngokuthi zonke plan onjalo namaminerali - nosawoti kanye silicic acid. Aluminosilicates aqukethe nosawoti aluminosilicate acid.

Basalt magma main, it has wokusabalalisa yasakazwa kanye nengxenye siqukethe Silica, amanye amaphesenti angu amahlanu - kuyinto magnesium, insimbi, i-calcium, aluminium (kakhulu), i-phosphorus, titanium, i-potassium, i-sodium (engezansi). Basaltic magma ihlukaniswe oversaturated nge Silica - tholeiitic futhi Olivine-ocebile basalt alkalis. Granitic magma - omuncu, rhyolite, Silica kuwo nakakhulu, kuze kube amaphesenti ayisithupha, kodwa konga viscous ngaphezulu, ngaphansi beshesha futhi kakhulu ayegcwele amagesi. Noma obungakanani magma njalo elokhu ivela ngaphansi kwethonya yezinqubo zamakhemikhali.

silicates

Lona isigaba obanzi kunayo amaminerali yemvelo - ezingaphezu kuka amaphesenti ayisikhombisa nanhlanu nenqwaba uqweqwe eMhlabeni, kanye ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke amaminerali ezaziwayo. Iningi lazo - idwala-ukwakha futhi magmatic futhi metamorphic imvelaphi. Silicates yakhiwa namadwala sedimentary, futhi abanye babo bakhonza indoda amagugu Ore ukuthola metal (yensimbi silicate, ngokwesibonelo) futhi kukhiqizwa njengoba namaminerali.

Sinenkosi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokusungulwa zamakhemikhali. igridi Bezakhiwe libhekene khona amaqembu ionic tetravalent Sio ₄ - tetraerd double. Silicates kukhona isiqhingi, ukhalise, uchungechunge, ibhande, ishidi (izingqimba), isidumbu. Lokhu ngokwahlukana luncike inhlanganisela Silicon tetraerdov.

Ukwahlukaniswa rocks

taxonomy Modern kule ndawo waqala ngo-yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kanye amabili yazuza ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu njengoba isayensi petrography, petrology. Ngo-1962 yena waba Waqale wadala Petrographic IKomiti ye-USSR. Manje ejensi uku IGEM eMoscow.

Izinga nokuguqulwa yesibili rocks wentaba-mlilo ziyahlukahluka kokubili kaynotipnye - abasha, ayikashintshi, futhi palaeotypal - ubudala, owayenenkinga recrystallized nge kwesikhathi. Lokhu amadwala mlilo, clastic, okuyinto akhiwa ngesikhathi kuqhuma futhi aqukethe piroklastitov (izingcezwana). ngezigaba Chemical kusho ukwahlukana ngemacembu kuye okuqukethwe Silica. rocks Igneous ukubunjwa kungaba ultrabasic, eziyisisekelo, yesibili, acid futhi ultra-acid.

Batholiths futhi amasheya

enkulu kakhulu, uquqaba okungajwayelekile okwenyanga yamadwala awayiphazamisi abizwa ngokuthi batholiths. Le ndawo kulezi zokwakheka kungenziwa balinganisela izinkulungwane eziningi amakhilomitha square. Lona ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi ezintabeni eligoqiwe, lapho batholiths asidlulisela lonke uhlelo entabeni. Yakhiwa indawo-grained egwadle ne neziqu, izinqubo kanye ziboya kwakhiwa kusukela ukwethulwa magma granitic.

Induku has simise isiyingi noma okweqanda cross-Sectional. Ziyakwazi amancane ngosayizi batholith - ngokuvamile kancane esingaphansi amakhilomitha square engamakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi - ezingamakhulu amabili, kodwa lonke izakhiwo ezifanayo. izinduku abaningi aphume ashone kusukela isisindo Dome batholith-like. izindonga zawo zigcinwe zisuka emoyeni ziqonde ekushoniseni, wabuka okungajwayelekile.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Mushroom noma ukwakheka Dome emise ezakhiwe magmas viscous, ngokuthi laccoliths. Kukhona ngokuvamile amaqembu. Amancane ngosayizi - kuze kube amakhilomitha amaningana ububanzi. Laccoliths zohlobo, esakhula ngaphansi ukucindezela magma waphakamisa ngaphandle kokuphula Bokuhlela we koqweqwe. I kakhulu efana amakhowe. Etmolity Ngokuphambene, uphondo emise, mncane okuyingxenye phansi. Ngokusobala, ukuvulwa emincane wakhonza isivuno magma.

Lopolith zingumzimba esosweni emise, bulging phansi ephakanyiswe emaphethelweni. Nabo futhi, kwakubonakala sengathi ukhule kusuka emhlabathini, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa komhlaba, nokunye okunjalo esisuka kuyo. Amadwala kuyaye kamuva imifantu avele - ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene. Magma azizwa ubuthakathaka futhi ingcindezi iqala ukugcwalisa zonke izikhala nokusasamba, ngesikhathi esifanayo iyavuleka idwala ezizungezile ngaphansi kwethonya okushisa kakhulu. kwakhiwa Ngakho dikes. Amancane - ngaphesheya isigamu imitha ukuba amamitha angamakhulu amaningana, kodwa ngisho amakhilomitha ayisithupha kungukuthi kudlulwe. Njengoba magma ayaphola phansi emifantwini ngokushesha dikes njalo isakhiwo okuncane. Uma ezintabeni zibonakala emikhulu ewumngcingo - rock - lokhu kungenzeka, dikes, ngoba livikela kakhulu ukuguguleka kuka edwaleni ezizungezile.