OHP - kuyini futhi yiziphi izici zayo?

Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho ingane ine nenkinga ngenkulumo, odokotela ukubeka ukuxilongwa: OHP. Yini-ke nokuthi ukuthi kuziveza, kungani izingane yilesi sifo, futhi sithatha sihlolisise le nto. Futhi, uzofunda ukuthi yini wena okudingeka emakilasini e khona uphethwe njengoba kungaba izingane kushintshwe.

EPD: ukuthi kuyini

Lokhu isifinyezo kusho Imininingwane inkulumo nokungathuthuki. Lesi sifo, libhekene izimpawu ezifana umsebenzi unformed umsindo esikhishwa ingane, futhi baqonde okushiwo ukuthi ifuna ukuxhumana nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imakwe zokugula lucebe futhi izinqubo nemithetho yolimi nendlela lwemisindvo, izinyane abavumelani ku izwi, athi izincwadi ezithile, njll

Nokho, izici izingane EPD - akuyona nje isici enkulumweni, ngandlela esinye futhi isici eziningi engu zasenkulisa, kodwa futhi pathologies ezijulile, okuyinto, uma kungukuthi ziqondiswe, kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwemikhuba esibi kakhulu - dyslexia kanye dysgraphia, lapho ingane ngeke bakwazi kahle inqubo yokubhala.

Futhi, lesi sifo kufanele zihlukaniswa kusukela into eyaziwa ngokuthi hypoplasia ifonotiki-kwemisindvo. OHP ngokwayo ngokuvamile kubonakala ku isizinda syndromes ezifana:

• Alalia (okuphelele noma kakhulu-non-enkulumweni);
• rhinolalia (izinkinga nge kuhambisana ifomu izwi);
• dysarthria (ukuphimisa kahle);
• aphasia (ilahleke uma kakade kwakhiwa umsebenzi inkulumo).

Izimbangela OHP

Inkulumo owelapha, njengoba umthetho, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kungase kwembule imbangela ukuthi wayithukuthelisa into enje ingane. Abaningi babo ezihlobana ngayo inkathi sokukhulelwa kukamama, ikakhulukazi:

• toxicosis eqinile;
• ukubhema nokuphuza utshwala ngesikhathi ukufukamela;
• ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa eziyingozi;
• ukungavumelani zamaqembu egazi zikamama nomntwana;
• ukuhlukumezeka ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma zokugula;
• sezinzwa uhlelo iziyaluyalu e umntwana esemncane.

Phakathi kwezinye izizathu ezibangela thuthuva yokukhuluma, ukuhlukanisa izimo ezimbi yokukhulisa izingane, kanye yizifo njalo kuhlanganise stomatitis.

Ifomu olunzima, edinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kanye nokwelashwa - kuyinto OHP, atholwe esikhathini lesizalo noma onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila. Nasi ukulawula kubaluleke kakhulu. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa evamile yokukhuluma izingane nge EPD awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela amakilasi elivamile e kokwelashwa kanye survey.

Indlela bahlonze izifo?

Baningi abazali abanezingane esezindala e kweminyaka ethize musa uqale ukukhuluma nontanga lapho impindiselo ngokuthi izinto, kuthiwa okuzwakalisa inhlabamkhosi. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba akunasizathu, ngoba uma kungekho zokugula, ingane ukukhuluma ngokushesha noma kamuva. Kodwa indlela ukunquma khona NRO? Kuyini futhi kubonakala sengathi practice, ake uhlole:

• uma singakuqondi ingane abadala kunzima ukwenza out, futhi lokhu akulona mkhuba engu;
• uma ubona ukuthi uyasiqonda, kodwa abakwazi ukusho lutho impendulo;
• iziqalo yokukhuluma izinhlamvu ziqala ukwakheka kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 4-5;
• uma ngesikhathi ingxoxo ingane abavumelani phezu kwesimo eziyisisekelo amacala nomunye (isibonelo, i-intombazane enhle, ezinhlanu Domei, ilanga enhle).

Uma kuphunyuka umuntu walaba ukubonakaliswa ngenhla ngokushesha ahole ingane ukuba nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma, futhi uma kudingeka - ukuze inkulumo pathologists futhi neuropsychiatrist. Udokotela kufanele ihlole indlela kuye futhi sithole ukuthi EPD, zikhona ezinye izimpawu kuzo nokubambezeleka of zokukhuluma.

Ukwahlukaniswa izifo

Ngakho, kuye ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa emitholampilo ye ingane, wayengumuntu eqenjini elithile singasetshenziswa eyabelwe OHP. Sekukonke, zikhona ezintathu:

• ayinzima (dysfunctions ubuncane kuqashelwe, kukhona isiqondiso encane imisipha ithoni, waphawula yokungavuthwa imizwelo nangenxa wakhetha, njll ...);
• nzima (ebukhoneni iziyaluyalu zezinzwa zengqondo, uzwakalise, isibonelo, ukuquleka, cerebral palsy nezinye syndromes);
• ukwephulwa esobala (izinhlobo eziphilayo lesion zobuchopho obhekene inkulumo, ikakhulukazi uma Alalia).

Futhi ukuhlukanisa lapho amazinga isifo OHP, kuncike umthamo wengane uthi:

• lokuqala (lapho izingane ungakhulumi nhlobo);
• yesibili (kuba, kodwa kulabo ababempofu kakhulu, kukhona agrammatism - ukuhlukumeza ukusetshenziswa icala amafomu, Dictionary ukuncika hhayi yobudala);
• wesithathu (imishwana kungahlakulelwa, kodwa kukhona izinkinga yomsindo wokufihla);
• yesine (eziningana izikhala amafonethiki, silulumagama kanye neluhlelo lwelulwimi uma ukhuluma).

Kulelo nakulelo zinga sifo sizobe ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe.

Against ngemuva kwalokho kungaba lentuthuko jikelele yokukhuluma ingane?

Izimpawu EPD wukuthi ngokuvamile lesi simanga kungase kuvele isizinda lezi zifo ezilandelayo:

• Rhesus ukungqubuzana;
• asphyxia;
• hypoxia intrauterine;
• Kwenhlekelele okulimala ebuchosheni.

Lezi izingane ONR lihlukile evamile, ezinye zazo ziqala ukusho amazwi abo kuqala kuze iminyaka emithathu, kuyilapho kuyinsakavukela uneminyaka engu elilodwa noma amabili. Bathi kukhona ezincane kuno ontanga yabo, kancane futhi ngendlela efanele.

Isikhathi esining impela, lezi zinkinga kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye engqondweni yethu izinqubo: inkumbulo, inqubo yokwazi entsha nokunye ephawulwe motor ukungasebenzi noma ukuphazamiseka ukunyakaza ukubambisana ... Ingane ukhuluma neze, uya ongaphakeme, akanandaba yini okufanele ibe iminyaka yakho: amathoyizi, izincwadi, akusho ukubuza imibuzo abazali awathandi ukuxhumana nontanga yabo, motor amakhono, ukuhlupheka kakhulu.

OHP kanye nomthelela wakhona angeke nje kube umphumela pathologies ezehlukene ngomama ngesikhathi besakhulelwe noma lapho bebeletha. Ngokuvamile imbangela yokugula kuyisici nomphakathi, lapho abazali bengakunaki ingane ungakhulumi kuye. Oxhumana kancane nengane, kamuva izoqala ukuthi leli iqiniso yaziwa abaningi.

Izici ezikhethekile amafomu kabi NRO

amazinga isifo zihlukile komunye nomunye kuye ngezinga nolokubhujiswa umbuzo. Kunezinhlobo ezine wokuqala kanti eyesibili - siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke.

Izinga lokuqala libhekene ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo inkulumo anokuhambisana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu mdala wengane. Usebenzisa ukuxhumana okuthile okunjengesizwe Ukuphoshoza, futhi izingcezu umsindo, umuzwa entulekayo. Silulumagama akuvamile kuhlanganisa amazwi okungenani ezimbalwa okunenjongo, kusekukhulu sifutamsindvo futhi izakhiwo.

Ukusho nezwi ezuzisayo okungenani nomuntu oyedwa umntwana uphethwe kunzima kakhulu, njengoba inqubo lwemisindvo kuphela ngesikhathi liqala kokuqala (efana izinsana isikhathi esingaba iminyaka emibili).

Kodwa ezingeni yokukhuluma izingane nge EPD isikhathi esingaphezu wesibili ukubuqonda, nakuba neze. Okungenani, bakwazi ukukhiqiza hhayi kuphela Ukuphoshoza, kodwa futhi abanye umsindo design elula amazwi amathathu.

Njengomthetho, izingane Angazi ukuthi yini bunye nebunyenti, bahlale udidekile Awukwazi ukushayela lokhu noma lokhuya kuncike, cha possess sezingxoxo ingxenye ulimi futhi musa bayithambekise amazwi, lapho kudingeka kuleli fomu le-NRO. Njengomthetho, iningi izingane yobudala efanayo ayenzi izinkinga.

Amanothi ukuhlanekezela umsindo abasuse, kangangokuthi ngisho umuntu omdala ongayiqondi lokho akushoyo, njengoba ingane awulona bakwati kuhlatiya inqubo yakho okuxoxa.

Ukusebenza izingane ezinzima inkulumo kokunqotshwa

Ukuze ukuthuthukiswa babelwa amakilasi ngokukhethekile ezinganeni EPD lokuqala amazinga ezimbili.

Ziklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi efana:

• ukwakheka idiphozithi yanoma ukunakekela inkulumo;
• ukuthuthukiswa amaqoqo ezinhlamvu nemphimiso;
• ikhono lokuhlukanisa futhi ayiveze imisindo;
• ukukhuthaza bezibona lwemisindvo;
• ikhono ukukhiqiza aphansi izinhlobo inkulumo izwi;
• silulumagama kwengane;
• inkositini elula amayunithi nokusetshenziswa kolimi.

Futhi amaklasi ngokobudala nezinga isifo libhekene omunye amasu. OHP iphathwa ngokwenza izivivinyo ezifana:

• evocation yemisindo ezishintshayo zabo;
• ukuthuthukiswa esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile syllabic indlela akheke ngayo amagama;
• ikhono ukuqonda isakhiwo yokukhuluma ezingeni lolufanele lwesilulumagama nelulwimi, nokunye okuningi.

Ukunqotshwa inkulumo ezingeni 3

Kulelizinga, kukhona kakade inkulumo exhunyiwe izingane nge ONR, futhi abanye bangakwazi okungenani baqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokho.

Ukuze lolu hlobo sifo libhekene ukusetshenziswa elula-izwi elilodwa imisho, kodwa nzima ukwakha izakhiwo zolimi nemisebenzi yazo usuthole lula. Ikakhulu, i-ingane kunzima kakhulu ukuphatha ukufunda pronunciation abathintekayo futhi esithi ngamazwi amabinzana, bafunde ngobudlelwana okunengqondo kanye esiyimbangela lezinto ukuxhumana nabanye abantu.

Kulelizinga, lo EPD bangase bakwazi ukuyisebenzisa uma ukhuluma cishe zonke titfo tenkhulumo abuye ethule izikhathi eziningi ngendlela efanele ukhipha amagama izinto kanye izenzakalo emhlabeni kubo. Ukhiye esiqiwini kukhona emabito tento, futhi tichasiso netandziso lapha ingasetshenziswa kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Kunamaphutha kuleli bondzaweni, tihlanganisi, ukuhlobanisa izinto, eligcizelela kufanele amazwi.

ukugula kakhulu omnene

Izinga lesine yilona izingane elula, kodwa zasenkulisa nge ONR, waze wazimisela ngisho namanje ngoyisiwula kusinda nezinye izingane zifunde ukuqeqeshwa ukuze ufunde. Ziyakwazi kude ngemuva ontanga yabo ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa yokukhuluma.

Emhlabeni wonkhe, kwetfulwa nokwephula kuleli fomu azitholakali, yini more, silulumagama sengane yakho elikhulu. Kodwa akazi futhi akaqondi ukuthi kukhona bomcondvofana, bomcondvophika, awukhumbuli noyedwa aphorism futhi abakwazi ayiqonde, ngisho noma kungcono indaba eside. Kunesimo esifanayo angase ziphatheke nge bezibona izimfihlakalo, ngoba ukucabanga okunengqondo is kukulimaze.

Sici sici eqa ukuze imininingwane ezincane lapho etshela ngokuthile bese kudlule izikhathi ayisihluthulelo isenzo, ukuphindaphindwa alokho isivele okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni. Yingakho ukusebenza nezingane nge EPD yalolu hlobo kufanele siqhutshwe njalo futhi zihlanganisa amasu anjengebalazwe imibhalo nokubeka ngawakhe amazwi ezinye izindlela zokucabanga kanye kumiswa amathuba lelandzisako ukuveza amasu.

Ukuxilongwa sifo kokwelashwa

Ezimweni eziningi, nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma kanye nezinye odokotela linqume Ukuhlola EPD, okubandakanya yikona okuvamile inkulumo komntwana nokubona ngamunye izinqubo bokuphila ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni yayo.

Isigaba owandulelayo kulolu cwaningo iwukuba ukukhuluma nabazali mayelana izici nenkathi yokukhulelwa nokubeletha, kanye Izimo zempilo nenhlalo yezindawo imfundo wengane: kangaki ukukhuluma naye, onjani kwekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi zokuxhumana nokunye okuningi.

Ngokulandelayo, luhlolo zokuxilonga yokukhuluma futhi icacisa ukuthi izingxenye system inkulumo akhiwa kuleli cala. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuqala sitadisha degree of relatedness yengxoxo ngu isicelo ukuchaza isithombe ngamazwi azo noma igama lezinto.

Okulandelayo ukuhlolwa vocal apharathasi isakhiwo kanye correlates nge motility uyaqhubeka ukwenza uphethwe inkumbulo ngamazwi, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinqubo nangokwengqondo wengane.

Phela, it is waphetha ngokukhumbuza nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma, udokotela, okhombisa ezingeni OHP futhi kunomthelela, uma zikhona. Ukuhlolwa kuzovumela ukuzola abazali ubani lesi sifo wathatha nokubambezeleka of zokukhuluma, okuyinto libhekene lonwabu ukwakha amakhono yengane okuxoxa, futhi ngenxa yalokho abanakho ukuhlukumeza.

kuthathwa izinyathelo zokulungisa

Ngenhloso zokwelapha, wenziwa sehlo, njengoba yokulungiswa NRO. Yini-ke nokuthi yenziwa, sizobe ukwethula ngezansi.

Ezingeni lokuqala, kugcizelelwa ukuthuthukisa ukuzwisisa ekwelapheni ingane ukusebenza self-pronunciation. Thina lapha asikhulumi ngama-ngokunemba iphuzu ifonotiki umbono, kepha lolimi kunikezwa inani elithile ukuze kahle ngekhanda amazwi isakhiwo.

Uma OHP Level izingane 2, ukulungiswa kuhlanganisa kumiswa ikhono ukwakha imisho kanye ukuhlukanisa isakhiwo lucebe, elicwengiweyo umsindo pronunciation, kuba kakhulu-ukuntuleka kokuzibophezela ukusetshenziswa izinhlamvu esingeziwe igama elithile.

Inkulumo yesithathu ethuthuka lwenethiwekhi nethuthukisiwe bezibona lwemisindvo kwengxoxo. Izingane ulungiselela nokwenziwa efanele yohlelo lolimi.

Kodwa ngesikhathi sibi kakhulu NRO - ezingeni lesine - Tindlela tekulungisa zenzelwe ukuba bavumelanise ukuphila kwabo nekhono evamile okuxoxa ngobudala, amakhono ukufunda wayekwenza ngokubhala namagama, kanye kwezisekelo zokukwazi ukuzifundela.

Ngesikhathi amazinga zokuqala ezimbili ngemva isifo, izingane abasesikoleni ayikwazi abaqeqeshiwe belingana ontanga yabo, futhi adinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona izikhungo zemfundo emikhakheni ekhethekile abafundi, lapho othisha ukulalelisisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkinga ezikhona iye yasuswa nge sikhathi. Lapho OHP ezingeni lesithathu ungafunda esikoleni esivamile, kodwa ekhethekile amakilasi zokulungisa, futhi yesine ingane ngokukhululekile ahambe eklasini lokuqala ngendlela efanayo kanye nontanga, kodwa njalo emakilasini e kokwelashwa.

Visual ukumodeliswa njengendlela indlela yokwelashwa kwe-EPD ngesikhathi abaphezulu izingane zasenkulisa: izinkomba ukusetshenziswa

Odokotela Inkulumo Abelaphi emva izinyathelo zokuxilonga izingane nge EPD yesithathu kanye namafomu wesine isaziso ngokuvamile izinto ezilandelayo ezibonisa:

• imisho anokuhambisana mincanyana;
• ukuguquguquka ezitatimende;
• umbhalo kungenzeka angabi khona phakathi ubuhlobo okunengqondo kanye esiyimbangela;
• isizinda esincane ulwazi.

Futhi, izingane ngokuvamile bayakujabulela bakhuluma ngemibala indlela bachitha lonke ihlobo bengena noma vakashela epaki yokuzijabulisa, kodwa ukuba babhale indaba ngalesi sihloko bengayi. Futhi hhayi ngoba kahle unolwazi mayelana okuthile, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka amathuba ekuklanyweni izinkumbulo ezihlobene isakhiwo ineluhlelo kahle ihlelwe.

Yingakho inkulumo abelaphi bavame ukusebenzisa ukumodeliswa ezibukwayo njengoba indlela yokuthuthukisa amakhono kolimi ONR. Siyabonga kuye, izingane zingafunda azibonayo labo noma ezinye imiqondo abstract njengoba ebukwayo, ngoba, ngokusho kongoti eziningi umkhakha zisencane le tinsita letitibonwa nalokubhaliwe kugaywe ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho ngomlomo.

Umqondo sekulingisa ezibukwayo

A impahla ezinhle sekulingisa libizwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha impahla into, ehlanganisa letigaba letilandzelako:

• ukuhlaziywa umqondo abstract;
• translation yayo olimini lwezandla;
• I-sekulingisa.

Ngo ukwelapha amalimi, le ndlela isetshenziswa njengendlela ufunde amagama amasha, kanye nolwazi imihlola entsha kwemvelo izingane ezincane. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi izingane ONR ngubani baye bancishwa yokuxhumana nabazali, futhi ngizinake ngokuya bezibona emhlabeni.

Zasenkulisa yobudala ubuyise silulumagama kanye ngcono izici inkulumo-inikwe amandla imisebenzi efana asebenzisa umbhalo, ukudweba indaba yakhe siqu ifilimu, incazelo isenzo.

Experience ochwepheshe wabonisa ukuthi isigaba NRO usebenzisa sekulingisa ezibonakalayo azikwazi ezimweni eziningi kakhulu efanele silulumagama kanye namakhono amahle okukhulumisana nabanye ukulethe evamile bonyaka.

Asikho isidingo ikhalise i-alamu?

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ngokwemvelo, akusiyo njalo ngaphansi abazali yokwesaba abe engacindezeli. Ngokwesibonelo, uma unayo ingane kweminyaka emibili ongamemezela amagama ambalwa kuphela, kanye lembuzi kamakhelwane kakade behlushwa abanye imibuzo ngamalungiselelo zomhlaba, kungenzeka ukuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje isimo zizoshintsha kakhulu, futhi isizathu sokukhathazeka ngeke ngeke.

Nokho, ukuthembela kuhamba phambili ukuya kudokotela futhi ube izinyathelo ezifanele zokuxilonga ukunquma ukuthi kubambezeleka evamile uma yakho noma cha.

Ngokufanayo, awukwazi ukuthatha i ukungakwazi OHP wengane ukulibiza incwadi ethile, ngokuvamile kakhulu "p". isici Enje Yiqiniso, asikwazi sikhohlwe, kufanele aphathwe ngendlela nodokotela osiza abanezinkinga zokukhuluma. Uma kungenjalo, ingaqhubeka for a lifetime. Nokho nevygovarivanie uhlamvu olulodwa akusho kuhilelani inkulumo iziyaluyalu emhlabeni jikelele.

Njengoba ubona, the NRO, ezimweni eziningi waphulukisa futhi isilungisiwe, angazizwa kanjani uma abazali ingane ngesikhathi sinake sifo kuhambisana ngalokufanele sina ngayo ngokwandisa inkinga. Futhi isihluthulelo ukuthuthukiswa evamile okukhulelwa lapho umama okhulelwe kufanele silondoloze enempilo futhi kutsi babe sesimeni zonke izinhlobo izingozi.