Ibambezelekile-uhlobo hypersensitivity: Development Mechanism

Izinguquko ku ezifweni noma reactivity kuya into evela ngokuthi yokungezwani komzimba (kusuka esiGrekini. "Indlela Abasabela Ngayo angaphandle"). Igama elithi "yokungezwani komzimba" necebo sesayensi Austrian Clemens Pirke ngo-1906. Wasikisela usebenzisa gama ukuchaza isenzo yezici ezihlukahlukene ku umzimba kusuka imvelo bangaphandle, futhi izinto ukufukula lezi komzimba nezinto, ngokuthi nomzimba.

American Udokotela awe-aleji R. A. Awe-Kuk 1947 wadala ngezigaba wokuqala komzimba. Ngokusho definition yakhe, kukhona ngokushesha uhlobo hypersensitivity futhi imisiwe uhlobo hypersensitivity. Uhlobo yokugcina kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko. Yini ebaluleke, ngokushesha hypersensitivity ukusabela imisiwe-uhlobo kuhluke kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Umehluko omkhulu

Ezisheshayo uhlobo hypersensitivity - yokusabela kuya i antigen ukuthi kwenzeka emva kwemizuzu 20-25 ngemva komhlangano yesibili ne allergen (antigen). Futhi ukusabela imisiwe-uhlobo hypersensitivity Sachaza ngaphambili kuka ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa noma izinsuku 7-8. Ngo-1968, PG Jello futhi R. A. Kumbs wabhala iphepha yesayensi, yayinesihloko esithi "ngezigaba entsha komzimba nezinto." Ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba 4 izinhlobo eziyisisekelo komzimba.

komzimba

• Uhlobo 1 - anaphylactic, atopic, reaginic. Ngu kuwukubonakaliswa lolu hlobo kungenziwa zibalwa edema angioneurotic, ukushaqeka anaphylactic, atopic somoya bronchial, urticaria.
• Uhlobo 2 - cytotoxic noma cytolytic ukuze zako zihlanganisa wegazi, isifo sokulahlekelwa igazi hemolytic, RH ukungavumelani.
• 3 hlobo - mzimba uhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma Arthus. Elilinganiswayo Imininingwane futhi ukusabela lomcoka etiology serum isifo, i-rheumatoid arthritis, omzimba izicubu erimatoznoy. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu ezihlobene eduze le hemagglutinin futhi basonta hypersensitivity ngokushesha.
• Uhlobo 4 - imisiwe uhlobo hypersensitivity, iseli esiphikisayo indlela libhekene ithonya T-lymphocyte antigen-uHeller.

sensibilization

Ibambezelekile uhlobo hypersensitivity ukusabela Sensitization kuyinto umzimba ukuze antigen microbial, amagciwane, isikhunta, helminths, ngoba antigen yokufakelwa kanye yemvelo (amakhemikhali, izidakamizwa) ukuhlukanisa amaprotheni. Iningi ngokucacile imisiwe hypersensitivity kusabela isingeniso antigen maloimmunogennyh. A umthamo ezincane antigen phezu umjovo ongama kubangela imisiwe uhlobo hypersensitivity. ukuthuthukiswa indlela komzimba yalolu hlobo hypersensitivity kuyinto T-lymphocyte ukuze antigen uHeller. заставляет выделяться вещества, например, интерлейкин-2, которые активизируют макрофаги, происходит гибель антигена, вызвавшего сенсибилизацию лимфоцитов. Hypersensitivity labelwe kwenza lymphocyte izidakamizwa, isib i-interleukin-2, okuyinto kusebenze macrophage, antigen kwenzeka ukufa eyenga sensitization lymphocyte. T lymphocyte futhi zihlanganisa indlela avikelayo kuwo amagciwane bayabulawa, amagciwane noma lenyama.

Leli fomu sensitization obaphawuleka sebuningini kwezifo ezithathelwanayo njengesifo sofuba, ugcunsula, brucellosis, idiphtheria, mycoses, helminthiasis nabanye, kanye ihlumela ukungamukelwa.

Ngokwesibonelo

Isibonelo osobala kakhulu ukusabela okunjalo iyona tuberculin isikhumba test Mantoux. Uma umuntu isidumbu kuyinto imbewu eletha tuberculous, faka tuberculin intradermally ke 24-48 amahora ngesikhathi induration umjovo site kwakhiwa 10-15 mm isilonda maphakathi.

luhlolo histological ebonisa ukuthi INGENA ISINYENYELA sakhiwa ikakhulu lymphocyte futhi monocyte-macrophage uchungechunge amaseli.

Anere

Ezimweni ezingavamile ukuwaphendula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi anergy, ie yokuntuleka asabela ngayo ezintweni.

аллерген, попадая в организм, гибнет. anergy Positive kwenzeka lapho umuntu allergen engena emzimbeni, uyafa. Kulokhu, yisishiso ayenzeki.

anergy Negative kwenzeka uma umzimba awukwazi okuzivikela, okubonisa ukuthi buthakathaka ngabanye. Isizathu sokuba engakwazanga ukuwaphendula, noma kungaba ukunciphisa kancane olubonakalayo inani T-lymphocyte noma ukwephulwa imisebenzi yabo, kungase futhi kubangelwe umsebenzi anda T-suppressors.

Paraallergiya futhi pseudoallergy

«парааллергия» и «псевдоаллергия». Kukhona lwati lwa "paraallergiya" futhi "mbumbulu-njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba". при диагностировании инфекционных болезней, выражающихся аллергическими реакциями. Bona zenzeka uphethwe ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, uzwakalise komzimba.

Paraallergiya - lapho umzimba elinegciwane iphendula nomzimba ezifanayo, isibonelo, i-TB elinegciwane iphendula mycobacteria atypical.

Pseudo-njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba - yokungezwani komzimba, isibonelo, tuberculin kusukela yokugula, ene-leukemia.

njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba nokuthile esiteji

Ngo nenkathi iguliswa 3 uchaza izinyathelo:

1. isigaba Immunological. иммунной системы. Kulesi sigaba, wonke ukushintshwa izivikeli mzimba. Esikhathini allergen umzimba sibopha ukuthi amasosha omzimba nama-lymphocyte hypersensitive.
2. isigaba Pathochemical. которые образуются в результате присоединения аллергена с антителами и гиперчувствительными лимфоцитами. Kulesi sigaba kwetinhlavu amaseli balamuli (amakhemikhali bioactive), monokines, lymphokines, okuyinto akhiwa ukwengeza allergen ukuba amasosha omzimba nama-lymphocyte hypersensitive.
3. isigaba Pathophysiological. Kulesi sigaba, lesi sifo singumbulali umtholampilo kubonakala. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba balamuli uvele nethonya elilimazayo ezicutshini zomzimba. Kulesi sigaba kukhona ukuvuvukala, ukulunywa, izinhlungu zibe of imisipha abushelelezi, nezinye izifo kwegazi.

Lezi zinyathelo ukucacisa imisiwe-uhlobo hypersensitivity.

ukwelashwa

Lena enye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu. Ukwelashwa okufanele kwenziwe ngokugqamile kusukela ekwelapheni uhlobo ngokushesha hypersensitivity, okungukuthi i-imisiwe-uhlobo hypersensitivity - .. Ingabe ukuvuvukala mzimba.

likhono lenkhombandlela

Ukwelashwa kufanele iqondiswe i immunological iphuzu yokwelapha ukuvuvukala futhi neutralization of pathogen. Nokho, ukwelashwa kufanele kuqale imithetho jikelele ekwelapheni izifo nomzimba. Qiniseka ukugcina Ukudla hypoallergenic. Ekwelapheni lolu hlobo hypersensitivity unendima ukwelashwa okukhethekile etiological ukuthi kuhloswe imbangela yalesi sifo.

Izinhlobo imisiwe-uhlobo hypersensitivity. imithi yabo

Lolu hlobo hypersensitivity wehlukaniswa iziqephu mbeni, tuberculin futhi granulomatous, ngakho ukwelashwa kufanele okuhloswe ngazo uhlobo oluthile.

• Imininingwane hypersensitivity kwenzeka uma ukusabela amakhemikhali (ayibe, nickel, ukhuni inhlaka, mercury, njll), Izidakamizwa, izitshalo ezinobuthi. Ngaphezu yokwelapha eyinhloko komzimba, contact hypersensitivity ngaphezu kwalokho babelwe ukwelashwa ukumisa ukuxhumana kubangela yokungezwani komzimba, ukwelapha okuhloswe ngaso ukususwa ukuvuvukala, UV-ngemisebe.
• hypersensitivity Tuberculin iphathelene uphethwe futhi ngokuthi tuberculin noma antigen efanayo, ngakho-ke akudingi ukwelashwa.
• Izifo hypersensitivity imisiwe kwenzeka uma sensitization nezilwanyana ezincane okubangela izifo ezithathelwanayo njengesifo sofuba, ugcunsula, brucellosis, umbendeni, isipatsholo, kucabanga yisinanakazana. Ukwelashwa komzimba ezithathelwanayo igxile ukubhujiswa Amagciwane isifo.
• hypersensitivity iguliswa amaprotheni encibilikayo kwenzeka uma buthaka amasosha omzimba, lapho umzimba akuthathi compounds proteinaceous ezifana ubisi, inhlanzi, amaqanda, amantongomane, okusanhlamvu kanye namaprotheni ezithile eziqukethwe okusanhlamvu. ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kusukela ekudleni akufaki zonke ukudla ezibangela komzimba.
• hypersensitivity sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba - kulapho ezicutshini zomzimba siqu amaseli kukhiqizwa amasosha omzimba ebucayi uqobo, okuyizinto imbangela komzimba. Zimbili izinhlobo yokungezwani komzimba sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba.

Okokuqala - lokhu lapho umsebenzi mzimba alilinyaziwe, kodwa kukhona autoallergens esibangela amasosha omzimba kahle. Okwesibili - ngesikhathi amasosha omzimba unika ukwehluleka engazi lapho amaprotheni yabo, futhi lapho abantu abangazani, ngakho ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyinto allergen. Ukwelashwa siyefana futhi pathogenetic kwenziwe, esakhiwa ngo ukusetshenziswa immunosuppressants. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu corticosteroids.

Hypersensitivity kwezitho - ngokubhujiswa nomzimba angaphandle linamathele umzimba. Vimbela komzimba enjalo kungaba a Ukukhetha kahle lokuthi kube kanye ukwabela izidakamizwa ezahlukene immunosuppressive ekuvimbeleni izivikeli mzimba.

Ngakho, ukusabela imisiwe uhlobo hypersensitivity sibalulekile onohlonze. At inhliziyo indlela hypersensitivity ukusabela ukuvuvukala, esiza impumuzo ukutheleleka abaningi babephephile ezindaweni ezithintekile futhi kusungulwe indlela ephilile enamandla.