Okubalulekile kombala nombala. Isondo lombala

Izimfihlo zombala zinabantu abaningi abakhathazekile. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, kwaba nencazelo yalo engokomfanekiso. Umbala ube yisisekelo sezinto eziningi ezitholakalayo zesayensi. Akagcini nje ngokuthonya i-physics noma i-chemistry, kodwa futhi yaba nokubaluleka kwefilosofi nobuciko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi lombala lube lukhulu. Ososayensi abafunda lesi senzakalo baqala ukuvela.

Imiqondo

Into yokuqala okumele uyikhulume yizona eziyisisekelo zesayensi yombala. Lona isayensi yombala, equkethe ulwazi oluhlelekile kusuka ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene: physics, physiology, psychology. Lezi zindawo zifunda ubuhle be-shades, zihlanganisa imiphumela etholakala nedatha ngefilosofi, i-aesthetics, umlando, nezincwadi. Ososayensi kusukela isikhathi eside bahlola umbala njengento yezamasiko.

Kodwa umbala ukutadisha okujulile kombala, inkolelo yayo kanye nokusetshenziswa komuntu ezinkambeni ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi.

Isizinda Esimlando

Akumangalisi ukuthi lezi zayensi zinezinkathazo ezinde. Yiqiniso, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungazange kube khona imiqondo enjengokuthi "isayensi yembala" ne "coloristics". Noma kunjalo, umbala wanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu emasikweni nasekuthuthukiseni abantu.

Umlando ungasitshela ungqimba omkhulu wolwazi ngalokhu. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bahlukaniswe sonke isikhathi ngezigaba ezimbili: isikhathi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-17 nesikhathi esivela ekhulwini lama-17 kuze kube namuhla.

Ukuba

Ukuqala uhambo emlandweni wombala, udinga ukubuyela e-Ancient East. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona imibala eyisisekelo emibili. Bafanekisela izinhlangothi ezine zomhlaba kanye nendawo yomhlaba. I-China yaphuma ngokukhanya kwayo okukhethekile, imvelo kanye ne-multicolor. Kamuva konke kwashintsha, futhi kulesi siko le monochrome ne-achromatic imidwebo yaqala ukubonakala.

Okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu kulokhu kwakuyiNdiya neGibhithe. Amasistimu amabili ayebhekwa lapha: uhlelo lwe-ternary, oluqukethe imibala enkulu ngesikhathi (obomvu, omnyama, nomhlophe); Futhi futhi i-Vedic, yayisekelwe ku-Vedas. Uhlelo lokugcina lwalujule njengefilosofi, ngakho-ke kukhona obomvu obufanekisela imisebe yasempumalanga yeLanga, emhlophe - imisebe yaseNingizimu, emnyama - imisebe yaseNtshonalanga, emnyama kakhulu - imisebe yaseNyakatho neyabonakali - isikhungo.

E-India, kunikezwe ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindlovukazi. Ukuhamba emhlabeni jikelele, futhi manje ungabona ukuthi ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa umhlophe, obomvu negolide. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi shades zenezelwa ophuzi nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Inkolo inemibala

IYurophu YaseYurophu eNkathini Ephakathi ibukeze izinto eziyisisekelo zesayensi yombala engxenyeni yenkolo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amanye ama-shades aqala ukuvela, okwakungakaze avunywe njengeziyisisekelo. Umhlophe waqala ukufanekisela uKristu, uNkulunkulu, izingelosi, abamnyama - i-underworld noMphik'ukristu. Ephuzi kwakusho ukukhanya kanye nezenzo zoMoya oNgcwele, futhi obomvu kusho igazi likaKristu, umlilo nomlilo. Ubuluhlaza bufanekisela isibhakabhaka nezakhamuzi zikaNkulunkulu, futhi oluhlaza lufanekisela ukudla, izimila kanye nendlela kaJesu yasemhlabeni.

Ngalesi sikhathi eMpumalanga naseMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nombala kuyafana. Lapha ithonya litholwa yi-Islam. Ngokuyinhloko, inani lemibala lihlala lingashintshi. Into eyodwa, oluhlaza luba oluyinhloko futhi lufanekisela iNdimu yase-Edeni.

Ukuzalwa kabusha

Umbala wesayensi nombala nawo uphinde uguqulwe. Ngaphambi kwesigaba sesibili kufika i-Renaissance. Ngalesi sikhathi, uLeonardo da Vinci umemezela uhlelo lwakhe lwemibala. Iqukethe izinketho ezingu-6: ezimhlophe nabomnyama, obomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi nohlaza. Ngakho-ke, isayensi kancane kancane isondela kumqondo wanamuhla wombala.

Ukuphumelela kukaNewton

Ikhulu le-17 lisiqalo sesigaba esisha ekuhlelweni. I-Newton isebenzisa umbala omhlophe, lapho ethola khona yonke imibala ye-chromatic. Ezesayensi kukhona umbono ohluke ngokuphelele kulokhu. Kuhlala njalo kubomvu, okwenziwe i-orange, kune-green futhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa kutholakala ne-blue and violet.

Amakhophi amasha

Ikhulu lama-19 eYurophu lisishukumisela ekuveleni kwemvelo kanye nokucabangela. Isitayela sokuqala simemezela ukuxhumana okugcwele kwemibala, imibala namathoni, futhi okwesibili kusekelwe kuphela ekudlulisweni kwezithombe. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukudweba kubonakala ngezisisekelo zesayensi yombala.

Emva kwalokho kukhona inkolelo kaFiliphu Otto Runge, obanikeza uhlelo ngalesi simiso sezwe. E-equator ye "globe" kukhona imibala eyisisekelo ehlanzekile. Isigxobo esiphezulu simhlophe, isigxobo esiphansi simnyama. Zonke ezinye izindawo zithathwe izingxube nemithunzi.

Isistimu ye-Runge ibalwa kakhulu futhi inendawo okufanele ibe khona. Isikwele ngasinye emhlabeni wonke sine "ikheli" laso (ubude nobubanzi), ngakho-ke linganqunywa ngokubala. Ezinyathelweni zalososayensi, abanye nabo bahamba bazama ukuthuthukisa uhlelo futhi bakhethe ukhetho oluhle kakhulu: I-Shevrel, i-Golts, i-Bezold.

Iqiniso liseduze

Esikhathini sanamuhla, ososayensi bakwazi ukukhuluma iqiniso futhi bakhe imodeli yombala yanamuhla. Lokhu kwaqondiswa yizici ezikhethekile zesitayela sesikhathi ngokwazo. Abadali badala ubuciko babo, banake kakhulu umbala. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi ungakwazi ukuveza umbono wakho wobuciko. Umbala uqala ukuhlangana nomculo. Uthola umthamo omkhulu we-shades, ngisho nasendabeni yephalethi elinganiselwe. Abantu bafunde ukuhlukanisa imibala eyisisekelo kuphela, kodwa futhi ithoni, imnyama, i-muffling, njll.

Umsebenzi wamanje

Izisekelo zomsakazo wemibala zaholela umuntu eqinisweni lokuthi wanciphisa imizamo yangaphambili yososayensi. Ngemuva kwezwe laseRunge, inkolelo ka-Ostwald yayikhona, lapho esebenzisa umjikelezo onemibala engu-24. Manje lo mbuthano uhlale, kodwa usuqede ngesigamu.

Usosayensi u-Ethan wakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo oluhle. Umbuthano wayo unemibala engu-12. Ekuboneni kokuqala, uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba ungabhekana nalo. Imibala eyinhloko lapha isesithathu: obomvu, ophuzi nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kunemibala ehlanganisiwe yesiyalo sesibili, esingatholakala ngokuxuba lezi ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-orange, eluhlaza kanye ne-violet. Futhi kufakwe lapha imibala ehlanganisiwe ye-oda lesithathu, engatholakala ngokuxuba umbala oyinhloko ngamakhemikhali wesibili.

Okuyinhloko yesistimu

Into eyinhloko ukuthi kuyadingeka ukwazi ngombuthano we-Itten wukuthi le nqubo yadalwa hhayi kuphela ukuhlukanisa kahle yonke imibala, kodwa futhi ukuyihlanganisa ngokuvumelana. Imibala emibili eyinhloko, ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu, itholakala kunxantathu. Lesi sibalo sibhaliwe embuthanweni, ngesisekelo sosayensi esathola ngaso iheksagoni. Manje sinezinhlangothi ezintathu ze-isosceles, eziqukethe imibala enhlanganisela yesibili.

Ukuze uthole umthunzi ofanele, udinga ukugcina isilinganiso esifanayo. Ukuze uthole uhlaza, udinga ukuhlanganisa ophuzi, okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuze uthole i-orange, udinga ukuthatha obomvu, ophuzi. Ukwenza i-violet, hlanganisa obomvu nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, akulula ukuqonda okuyisisekelo sesayensi yombala. Isondo lombala lakhiwa ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso esilandelayo. Umbuthano uzungeza i-hexagon yethu. Sihlukanisa zibe yizigaba 12 ezilinganayo. Manje udinga ukugcwalisa amaseli ngemibala eyinhloko nemibala yangemuva. Zizoboniswa yizitshalo zama-triangles. Izikhala ezingenalutho zidinga ukugcwaliswa nge-shades ye-oda lesithathu. Bona, njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, atholakala ngokuxuba imibala eyisisekelo neyesibili.

Isibonelo, ophuzi ne-orange uzodala ophuzi-orange. Okuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enombala obomvu - i-blue-violet

Ukuvumelana

Kumele uqaphele ukuthi umbuthano we-Itten awusizo nje ukudala imibala, kodwa futhi kuyasiza ukuwahlanganisa. Lokhu akudingeki nje kuphela kubaculi, kodwa futhi kubaklami, abaklami befashini, abadwebi bezenzo, abadwebi bezithombe, abathwebuli bezithombe, njll.

Inhlanganisela yemibala ingavumelana, isici kanye ne-uncharacteristic. Uma uthatha ama-shades ahlukile, azobukeka ehambelana. Uma ukhetha imibala ehlala kulo mkhakha ngokusebenzisa eyodwa, khona-ke kuhlanganiswa izici. Futhi uma ukhetha imibala ehlobene, etholakala embuthanweni owodwa emva komunye, uzothola ukuxhumana okungaxhunywanga. Le ncazelo ibhekisela emkhakheni wembala eyisikhombisa.

Embuthanweni we-Itten, lesi simiso sisebenza futhi, kodwa ngokuhlukile, ngoba kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi lezi shades ziyi-12. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole ukuvumelana okubili kwamathembo, umuntu kufanele athathe amathoni ahlangane. Ukuvumelana kwembala emithathu kutholakala kulolu cala lapho unxantathu olinganayo ufakwa embuthanweni , ukuvumelanisa kwemigqa yatholakala ngokufanayo, kepha ngaphakathi singena umugqa. Uma ufaka isikwele embuthanweni, uthola ukuvumelana kwembala emine. I-hexagon ibangela inhlanganisela yembala eyisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okukhethwa kukho, kukhona ukuvumelana kwe-analog, okwakhiwa uma sithatha imibala ye-chromatic ye- hue ephuzi. Isibonelo, ngakho-ke singathola ophuzi, ophuzi-orange, i-orange nebomvu-orange.

Izakhiwo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kukhona imibala engavumelani. Nakuba lo mqondo kunengxabano. Into ewukuthi uma uthatha obomvu obomvu futhi obomvu ofanayo, i-symbiosis izobukeka igxeka kakhulu. Ngamunye wabo uzama ukubusa omunye, ngenxa yalokho okushiwo ukuxilongwa. Nakuba isibonelo esinjalo asisho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa ngokubomvu nokuluhlaza ngokuvumelana. Ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukuqonda izakhiwo zombala.

Ithembo yombala iqoqo lezinyosi ezibhekisela kumbala owodwa wombala. Ukwaneliseka yizinga lokuphelelwa amandla. Ukukhanya kuyindlela yokwenza umthunzi ube mhlophe futhi ngokufanayo. Ukukhanya yizinga lokusondelana komthunzi kuya kumnyama.

Imibala ye-Chromatic ne-achromatic nayo yabelwe. Eyesibini imhlophe, emnyama nemithunzi ye-gray. Kuyokuqala - konke okunye. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zingathinta ukuhambisana nokuvumelana kwemithunzi. Uma wenza ukukhanya okuncane okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya okuncane, futhi wenze ukukhanya okubomvu, ngenxa yokwanda kokukhanya, lezi zithombe ezimbili ezinjengoba zingabonakali zingavumelanisa ngokuvumelana.

Umbono wezingane

Izimfuneko zokufundisa imbala ezinganeni kufanele zakhiwe ngendlela edlalayo, njengoba, ngokuyisisekelo, nokuqeqeshwa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula inkulumo edumile ngemibala ye-spectral: "Bonke Abazingeli Bafuna Ukukwazi Ukuthi Ophilile Uhlalaphi". Kulaba bantu abadala abangajwayele le ngane lyfhak, udinga ukucacisa ukuthi incwadi yokuqala yegama ngalinye kulo musho ubonisa igama lamathoni ku-spectrum. Okungukuthi, ekhanda sesibomvu, bese si-orange, siphuzi, siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, sesibhakabhaka, sesibhakabhaka nesibomvu. Lena yimibala eya emvuleni ngokulandelana okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, qala udwebe ubusuku nomntwana.

Lapho umntwana esincane futhi, eqinisweni, angazi ukuthi isisekelo sesayensi yombala siyini, kungcono ukumthenga izibonelo zombala. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze ingane ingapendezi esibhakabhakeni, futhi utshani obomvu. Ngemva kwesikhashana uzobona ukuthi ingane izokwazi ukunquma imibala eyedwa, kodwa kungcono ukuvumelana naye ngezinketho ezingenzeka.

Imizwelo

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi noma yimuphi umthunzi wombala ophansi ungathinta imizwelo yomuntu. Ngesikhathi sokuqala uGoethe wakhuluma ngalokhu ngo-1810. Kamuva, ososayensi bathola ukuthi isimo sengqondo somuntu sihlobene nento yangaphandle, okusho ukuthi ukuqonda kombala nakho kungathinta imizwelo.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo kulolu cwaningo kwakuwukutholakala ukuthi umzwelo othile uhleli ngemuva kwezwi ngalinye. Futhi le mbono ibonakala cishe kusukela ekuzalweni. Kwacaca nokuthi kukhona ikhodi ethile yombala ebizwa ngokuthi imizwa eminingi. Isibonelo, ukudabuka, ukwesaba, ukukhathala, konke kungachazwa kumnyama noma kumhlophe. Kodwa injabulo, intshisekelo, amahlazo noma uthando ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokubopha obomvu.

Ngaphezu kokuthonya kwengqondo, umbala wafundwa ngaphansi kokuqondiswa komtholampilo. Kwavela ukuthi ukuvota okomvu, ukuvuselela okwesibhakabhaka, okwehlaza kunciphisa ukucindezela, nokukhazimula okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi, konke kuxhomeke kumpahla yomthunzi. Uma kubomvu okuzolile, khona-ke kungabonakalisa injabulo nothando, uma ubumnyama futhi buqhakazile-ke igazi nebudlova.

Okusemqoka kombala nombala kuyizesayensi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kunzima ukuyiqonda ngokugcwele, ngoba konke lapha kukhona okulinganiselwe nokuzithobayo. Ngomuntu oyedwa, umbala ungathonya ngezindlela ezahlukene, abanye abantu abengekho emthunzini. Omunye umculi angase abonakale inhlanganisela ye-violet nephuzi ehambelana kakhulu, enye - enengekayo futhi ephikisanayo.