New Silk Road: umzila, uhlelo, umcabango

Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule ngokushesha komnotho China ziye yaba ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu. Njengoba sekunama-ubuholi obusha eholwa Xi Jinping, China wayeka ukufihla inqubomgomo angaphandle izifiso zayo. Le phrojekthi ekwakhiweni kwe-New Silk Road - kuliragelo okunengqondo yomgomo yeChina eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izinyathelo lokuqala ukugcwaliseka amaphupho baye selithathiwe: ukuhlinzeka imithombo yezimali, saveza izivumelwano namanye amazwe athile. Loluhlelo has a izitha ezimbalwa phakathi imibuso emikhulu yezwe. Feza iphrojekthi, China ozonquma hhayi kuphela izinkinga eziningi zangaphakathi, kodwa futhi kuthinte isithombe global kwezomnotho wezwe. kanjani i-New Silk Road?

uhlelo grand

Akunjalo kudala, kusho uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle u Wang Yi uye kuchazwe nomqondo Inqubomgomo China sika angaphandle "Omunye Ziyisivikelo - nalowo iphupho", owawuthi ukwakhiwa kuhlelwe we okusha Silk Road e-Asia e-Europe. Ekuqaleni kuka-2014, inhloko China Xi Jinping ethulwa uhlelo ukudalwa Kasilika eya. Le phrojekthi kulindeleke ukuba ukhiqize omkhulu indawo kwezomnotho olulodwa, ehlanganisa ingqalasizinda emazweni amaningi. ukudlula okusha Silk Road ngokusebenzisa Central Asia, e-Russia, Belarus, I-Europe. umzila Sea luyoqhubeka ePersian Gulf, oLwandle iMedithera futhi e-Indian Ocean. Sicabangele inketho ne nemizila of the amazwe ase-Afrika.

China uyahamba ukutshala izimali zami kule phrojekthi dollar angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 kusuka isikhwama esikhethekile. $ 50 bhiliyoni kakade labelwe i-Asian Development Bank. Izimali iyitshalwa ukwakhiwa ojantshi, amachweba kanye nezinye izikhungo, ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwano phakathi kwala mazwe iqhaza. Resource Wantchinatimes adunyiswe kwezimali ezitshalwe China e 22 trillion.

Imizamo ngivuselele Silk Road likhishiwe Europe ne-US. China ukuvusela lo mbono okungenani, kodwa okuningi kwenziwe ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza kwalo. Ngenxa umxhwele izindlela zezimali kanye "ubudlova kwezomnotho ezithambile" bazokwazi ukwakha zokuthutha umphakathi ephephile, ukuthi asetshenziswe emazweni amaningi. Namuhla, China ngenkuthalo ukuxoxa emisebenzini yokwakha ingqalasizinda kanye emazweni iqhaza. uhlelo Okuningi ethile entsha Silk Road, futhi umphumela izingxoxo eside uzobe umemezele ngasekupheleni March ngesikhathi Boao Forum (eningizimu yesifundazwe Chinese Hainan).

Umqondo Silk Road

Namuhla, China uyabanikeza emakethe emhlabeni imishini, imishini, izinto zikagesi kanye nemikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe. High-speed imigqa ubude (16 000 km), izwe lifaka lokuqala emhlabeni. I lasendulo Silk Road wayewukuphela Chinese ezokuthutha ephasishi. Namuhla China umemezela ukusungulwa endaweni zomnotho.

Lo mkhankaso ukuhlanganisa "zone kwezomnotho" futhi «xxi Century Maritime Silk Road" Kwenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka "Omunye Ziyisivikelo - enye indlela" uhlelo. Umqondo we-New Silk Road iyona kohlelo ngosizo yizakhi ezinhlanu ezihlobene:

• ingqalasizinda eyodwa;
• ukungaguquguquki zezombusazwe;
• notshwala yemali wezimali;
• ubudlelwane ukuhweba;
• zokuxhumana zezenhlalakahle.

Kulesi sisekelo, futhi ezihambayo abambisana ngokugcwele, ukuthuthukisa ukwethembana phakathi kwamazwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho kanye nokubekezelelana kwamasiko. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the phrojekthi yonkana Kwakuhlelwe emizileni amathathu:

• "China - Central Asia - Russia - Europe".
• "China - Central and West Asia".
• "China - mpumalanga ye-Asia - South Asia."

New Silk Road. umzila

Esikalini yephrojekthi umxhwele hhayi kuphela ngokuya utshalomali, kodwa futhi kusukela umbono lwesifundo. Lonke "indlela" uhlukaniswe imizila emibili (by ezweni nasolwandle). Land iqala Xi'an (Isifundazwe Shaanxi), edabula lonke China, kufanele kube kuwo umuzi Urumqi, leziziphambano kukhona amazwe Asia Ephakathi, Iran, e-Iraq, eSiriya naseTurkey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa Bosphorus ukuba eMpumalanga Yurophu, e-Russia. New Silk Road, umzila okuyinto siyodlula emazweni amaningana aseYurophu uqhubeke kusukela Rotterdam e-Italy.

Hhayi ngaphansi ezinkulu indlela yasolwandle iqala emzini Quanzhou (Prefecture Fuztsyan), kufanele kube phakathi komuzi ezinkulu eningizimu, ngokusebenzisa Malacca Strait eza Kuala Lumpur. Ukuwela-Indian Ocean, wayeka e Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), i-Maldives, kuziwa Nairobi (Kenya). Okulandelayo, Indlela yedlula oLwandle Olubomvu Djibouti ngokusebenzisa Suez Canal ukuba Athens (Greece) e Venice (Italy) kanye okuhlanganisiwe ne emhlabathini Silk.

Izinkinga zomnotho "indlela"

Njengoba ekudayiseni, iChina ithonywe kakhulu emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Ngokwalokho okubikezelwa, ngo kohlaka Kasilika eya kulindeleke 21 izindodla zezimali inzuzo ngonyaka, okungase kwandise yisabelo China e-GDP izwe ku-50%.

Kulindeleke ukuthi i-New Silk Road, ukwakhiwa okuyinto kuyaqhubeka kakade, kuyokudlulisela ukugeleza nokuthengiswa kwempahla kanye capital esifundeni ahlale kuze kube muva nje ngemuva ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, China ngenkuthalo ubambisana nawo amazwe ase-Asia. Investments abelwe izinkampani zikahulumeni Chinese kukhona emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, cishe kungenzeka kuphela ukulondoloza ukuzimela phakathi ayizikhondlakhondla.

Kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, inzuzo iphrojekthi China ukunciphisa Logistics izindleko. Ukuze emazweni ilungu Silk Road - ekuheheni imali eyengeziwe. Isibonelo ukubambisana okunjalo ngesisekelo utshalomali China sika iHavan kwiphrojekthi Maldives (esikhathini esizayo ingenye amaphuzu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi zasolwandle ibalazwe Silk Road).

izinselele lesifunda

khona China e Central Asia nase-Afrika akuyona bemvelo luyingxenye kwezomnotho. Ezingeni lesifunda for the PRC kulitjhejontangi kutepolitiki nakutemnotfo izifunda umngcele: East, Central naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Umgoqo main ukusabalala lomkhuba kwezomnotho Chinese isibe Isici "China usongo." Nciphisa usongo "cha" sihlelelwe ngosizo "amandla esithambile" isu, uqinise ithonya yamasiko China. Inani labafundi esifundeni Asian, abafundi emayunivesithi Chinese, ibonisa degree of Ukungena isiko Chinese.

yokuvikela amandla China kuxhomeke ukulawula yayo zasolwandle kanye olunqamula Silk Road. Njengoba ongenisa energy enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, China 100% axhomeke izimpahla zasolwandle. usongo "uwoyela ukuvimbela" uhlale ulenga phezu amandla. US Leli qhinga eyasetshenziswa ukushaya Japan ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi.

New Silk Road oyoletha ndawonye emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise US abaphikisi (Russia, Pakistan, Iran). States amaqembu ukuba indlela zingaba ithonya elinamandla onohlonze zezombusazwe. umsebenzi Okubalulekile ezihlobene ukudalwa Kasilika eya, ukuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali Chinese. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba izinto kulawulwa PRC, kungaba igcwaliseke commercial hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngezizathu zokuvikela amaphekula. Ngezikhathi ezithile ulwazi livela abezindaba mayelana ukuziphatha kwaminyaka ukusungula inethiwekhi Chinese elisekela ezempi "uhide lwezinto amapharele" E-Indian Ocean.

Project nomthelela ezombusazwe sangaphakathi China

amaphrojekthi yezizwe emikhulu babé zize kuqala futhi ehileleke kwezombangazwe sangaphakathi China. New Silk Road kuzosiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi zangaphakathi.

1. izikhathi Pro-Chinese kwezomnotho kuyinto amaphrojekthi utshalomali inzuzo nge ukubuya phezulu utshalomali kanye nasesikhathini eside ezuzisayo.
2. Edabula Western China, ibhande kuyoba nesandla ukuxazulula izinkinga intuthuko engalingani yezwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko kanye nezomnotho ezifundeni entshonalanga.
3. Ukwakhiwa izindawo ingqalasizinda - umthombo emisebenzi emisha yobufakazi kukahulumeni izinkampani PRC ukuthi abe imithombo okuqinile womuntu.

-Asia Ephakathi futhi Russia

Russia nase-Asia Ephakathi, ngokuhlanganisa aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga ibalulekile ngoba imithambo zokuthutha umphakathi China. Namuhla, China - embonini ezweni. Umqondo ukusetshenziswa Asia Ephakathi zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo umnotho, baye kubhekwa kusukela iSoviet Union iwa. Wabe eseqala umsebenzi ehlelekile kulesi siqondiso: Shanghai Cooperation Inhlangano khona, bezibuza umbuzo yokundlelana kwezomnotho. Kwakubalulekile ukungasho kuphela ukuze uqondanise isimo somnotho yasekhaya, kodwa futhi ukulungiselela ephasishi eYurophu ngokusebenzisa Central Asia neRussia.

Akubalulekile kangako, lapho iyokwenzeka-New Silk Road: noma kunjalo kuyoba ezinkulu "Shake-up" ingqalasizinda elise-Asia Ephakathi futhi kakhulu ukuthuthukisa yizimpahla traffic kusuka China. Impumelelo lamasu ubunye nokuzinza, kuphela kungenzeka phezu Silk Road, okuye kungase kutholakale ngokomlando. Amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, yizimpi eziphakathi kwezizwe ezinkulu ziye zaholela abaseduze, futhi navigation - yokungabi funa. Imizamo eyalandela ukuze uqhube umzila ngaphandle inhlangano ezingeni lesifunda, futhi kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya.

Central Asia bekulokhu sphere izintshisekelo Russian njalo. Kuhlanganiswa China kanye Russian Federation - umbuzo kunalokho xaka. Akucaci, njengoba umthelela Silk Road phezu Customs Union kanye SCO. Okuningi kuxhomeke ekutheni ukufunde isikhundla Kazakhstan, isikhungo lesifunda -Asia Ephakathi.

indima waseRussia kuphrojekthi

On the lasendulo Silk Road, China kwaba isithekelisi kuphela. indlela yesimanje kumanduleli wawo, is zihlukaniswa ngokunembile isifiso ukuhlanganiswa. Ngesikhathi izinkulumo e Moscow, okokuqala China unikezele Russia ukusebenzisa kwezomnotho ephasishi ingqalasizinda ngokwezinjongo zokuhweba. Kubonakala Russia ukwazi ukufinyelela emachwebeni ku-New Silk Road, futhi ngeke iqhaza elisendleleni izimpahla. Yiqiniso, indlela China ukuzixazulula omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu - emandla ekuchubeka ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukufakwa emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba yamasimu entshonalanga.

Russia ku-New Silk Road kuze kuvele umlingani kuphela, umphakeli of izinto zokusetshenziswa, zokuthutha. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa we "indlela" kudinga isu ephelele. Uhulumeni, amapulani okusebenza izinkampani ngabanye akwanele, kudingeka elinobunye eziyingxenye yesu lobuciko. Ngenxa China aye akha umfanekiso omuhle yephrojekthi, kodwa izinto ngempela hhayi kahle kakhulu eRussia.

Ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, sesihambe ibanga kusuka e-Asia Ephakathi futhi ukuxazulula izinkinga zangaphakathi. China ukuhlanganisa wasungula Shanghai Cooperation Inhlangano. uthi Small babesaba China, ngakho ukuhi kwi-ajenda. China kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano kwezomnotho eziphathelene ukuhweba khulula, imingcele evulekile. SCO kungaba monopolist esifundeni, uma kungekhona ukwakheka Eurasia Economic Union, eyabonisa ukuthi iRussia unesifiso namandla amasu nezinhlelo Asia Ephakathi. Namuhla, i-SCO kanye EAEC yisona project kuphela e-Asia Ephakathi, futhi amathemba yesibili ngaphezulu ekuthuthukiseni, ngakho China ukuxoxisana.

Xi Jinping yamemezela iziphakamiso ezimbalwa ukuthi ubunye zone yezomnotho kanye EAEC. Umqondo sasekelwa uVladimir Putin. UMongameli bekungelegolide zinombono wokuthi kokubili i amaphrojekthi ndawonye kuyoba yisisusa esinamandla umsebenzi kwezomnotho endaweni Eurasia. amaphrojekthi Kuhlanganiswe uzobe esekelwe SCO, nakho uletha China sesimweni ehamba phambili.

Okusalungiswa Amathemba e-Russia

Iphrojekthi entsha Silk Road kuyoba nesandla ukuhweba okwandisa nokuthuthukiswa siqu kokubili ezweni kanye zokuthutha zasolwandle amanethiwekhi yayo yeRussia. Ukuze wenze lokhu, dala ingqalasizinda conjugate. Namuhla, uhulumeni waseRussia uyosindisa isabelomali, kuhlanganise ukusikeka emuva izimali ezibekelwe ukwakhiwa.

Russia ijoyine umzila iyonke incike ngezinga yentuthuko lwetakhiwo tavelonkhe ujantshi. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba entsha Silk Road ngokusebenzisa Russia ngizokuya Ephakathi, Urals Wik nezindawo lesifunda enyakatho, lapho kukhona ukwakhiwa yeNyakatho indlela latitudinal. The kungenzeka nokwelula umugqa wohlu lozalo "Midnight - ob" eKazakhstan neChina. Severnyy Ural angase bafakwe "indlela" ngemikhumbi noma umhlaba, kodwa kuphela ukugcwalisa nemibandela sesimanje w / net d.

UNgqongqoshe wezokuThutha Sokolov, umbuzo wavuswa mayelana sesimanje BAM kanye Trans-Siberian sesitimela, okuyinto izodala ngesivinini w / d onguthelawayeka "Moscow - Beijing", kodwa imali is akulindelekile. Ngo-2015, ngokwemibiko ye-plan, Trans-Siberian futhi iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu ngezimali kwakungafanele kube ruble esingaphansi bhiliyoni 21., Eqinisweni, abelwe bhiliyoni 16.

Omunye ukufakwa waseRussia ongakhetha kuyi-Nguqulo Silk Road sinqatshiwe kanye ukuqedwa project ukwakha isikhala seso YaseCrimea. ECrimea yini ube nesu ukuhweba isizinda kanye iphuzu entsha ye ucingo Umzila wezohwebo eYurophu. Silk Road kusezweni kunoma isiphi isimo bayodlula kwelinye lamazwe Yurophu, lapho kulula ukuba kumkhathaze ushintsho kwamandla nokuba sendleleni yokuvala. Ngokwesibonelo, Southern ukugeleza stop eBulgaria. Ukutholakala base commercial eCrimea kuzovumela ukuqondisa kabusha ukugeleza izimpahla ngokusebenzisa yiliphi izwe.

New Silk Road ukundlula Russia

Ukraine yamemezela inhloso yayo ukuba azibandakanye iphrojekthi "Silk Road" njengenhlangano yokulamula cargo kusukela China eYurophu. Ngokusho Mikheil Saakashvili, ukuhweba notshwala kukhona ngconywana ukuba kuthunyelwe ngokushesha amyisa ethekwini laseKhesariya Ilyichevsk njengoba Logistics ngokusebenzisa sekuyizinsuku hhayi ningi than 9, kanti eRussia - ezinsukwini ezingu-30. Saakashvili wagcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi isivele kuyaqhubeka ku nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo e-EU, ngokusebenzisa Dniester esizalweni somfula Kwakhiwani ibhuloho ezinkulu.

China isivele kakhulu isihambile ukuqaliswa kwe-okufana eziyisisekelo ngendlela: Kazakhstan - Azerbaijan - Georgia - Turkey. Kusukela China, ngokudlula insimu ka eRussia, befika isivivinyo esitsheni isitimela Nomadexpress, zinyanga 3500 km izinsuku ezinhlanu - ngokusebenzisa Kazakhstan, yoLwandle iCaspian ukuya esiteshini Kishly (eduze Baku). I ithrekhi okusha Silk Road yesibili badabula Iran, eyesithathu (ensimini yeRussia baya eMoscow Petersburg) namanje okuxoxwa ngalo. Umzila zokugcina kunenzuzo nokuningi: mufushane kunamanye amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia, Belarus naseKazakhstan zifakwe EAEC. Umbuzo iqhaza Russian kuphrojekthi yaxazululeka isikhathi eside, ukuba kuthiwe Isivumelwano esasayinwa ngo-May 2015.

Inketho nge "ukuzimela" China ubona eyamukelekayo. I inxusa Chinese ukuthi amabhange Chinese uzimisele ukudela $ 20 bhiliyoni kungqalasizinda ye-Ukraine. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona amasha Silk Road yokuwuthola Insimu Russian Federation? Thina silinde sibone. Kusobala ukuthi China libona zomzila eziningana, njengoba esikhathini esidlule.

Direction "Kazakhstan - Russian Federation - Belarus 'inenzuzo enkulu eChina, kodwa Russia akakayijoyini" New Silk Road "umqondo nangokuvikela izithakazelo zabo ezihlobene EAEC. Ukraine ngempela esilungele inhlangano ezokuthutha, kodwa asifanele ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu ngenxa ukuntengantenga yayo. umdlalo China sika nge "Square" uqinisa isikhundla China ezingxoxweni ne Russian Federation. Yiqiniso, umzila "Kazan - eMoscow - Petersburg ..." on the Silk Road okuzoxoxwa ngayo.