Ukuvikela esidlangalaleni imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba. impumuzo Earthquake

Ngandlela-thile, abantu ukholelwa ukuthi inqobile nemvelo, kodwa lokho kumane nje kohliso. Okokuqala, mayelana isikhala abantu bazi ngaphezu izilwandle zomhlaba. Okwesibili, izinhlekelele zemvelo kuze kube manje asikwazi wabikezela kusengaphambili ososayensi. Kukhona sethusa futhi imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba. Izithombe eyaphahlazeka fly emhlabeni wonke njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Kuyashaqisa ukuthi mncane kangakanani indoda nemvelo.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba - imbangela kanye nemvelo

Sifunde ukuthi inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zenu - lena yinto ezingagudluki kanye ezingeguquleke, kodwa akunjalo. I izingqimba zomhlaba, etholakala emhlabeni uqweqwe ziyahamba njalo, kungqubuzana, washintsha khasa ku nomunye basihlikihle ngokumelene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wezimayini emathunjini le planethi, ukuqhuma, eMpumalanga, amadamu ngokugcwalisa nezinye izinqubo eziningi yokufakelwa ungakwazi futhi ukuqala ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu. Eqinisweni, zingabantu kundindizele futhi zenzeka impela njalo - kanye ngemva 2 amaviki.

Nokho, iningi labo liwele phansi ekujuleni kolwandle futhi akanawo amandla kakhulu, kangangokuthi cishe ezingabonakali. Kodwa uma kube yiyo eshayeka kanzima itholakala usondele ngokwanele ebusweni nezindawo labantu futhi umfutho kuphezulu, kungaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele.

izibikezelo izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba

Ukuvikela esidlangalaleni imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba iqala ukuqagela yayo okungenzeka kanye ukubala isikhathi lapho kuzokwenzeka. Asikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ipumelelo seismology, okuyinto ephethwe ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela isibikezelo ukuzamazama komhlaba okuningi okunomthelela amandla anele ukuba nomthelela ezimpilweni zabantu.

Empeleni ukuzamazama komhlaba basuke beqale ngokukipita ezinye izinqubo lithosphere, okuyinto kungenziwa zilandelwa futhi ihlaziye, futhi yini lokhu isayensi. Kukhona mishini ekhethekile - Seismometers, okuyinto ukubona ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba. usizo lwabo ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba abunakuqhathaniswa ngoba ukunikeza ithuba ukulungiselela for bhicongo, uwine amahora ambalwa, ukuze ukwazi ukuqala esiphuthumayo futhi ukuxwayisa abantu ngezingozi ukuthi kuzonciphisa isibalo izisulu.

I ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kakhulu

Izindawo lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka, ngokuvamile eyaziwa, kuyacaca nezimbangela zabo. Lokhu emalungeni kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba, okuyinto phezu angase abukeke njenge-abasha nezintaba eziphakeme ezifana zaseHimalaya, Andes Cordillera. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona iphutha naseMpumalanga Ekude, sidlule kusukela eKamchatka kanye Japan afinyelela eminye - eziqhingini Indonesia naseNew Zealand. Ukusuka eGrisi kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi uya ipuleti umngcele okungukuthi ngengozi engaba khona. Futhi akusiyo nje nolwazi ukwazi. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo ukwakhiwa kwemizi, ukwenziwa izakhiwo ezinkulu nokunye. D. Uma sicabangela le mininingwane ebalulekile. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ekhethekile, kodwa futhi ukuba njalo phezu uqaphile ukuba abakulungele ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nesimo sezulu. Futhi akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngoba Ukuvikelwa sabantu emiphumeleni kokuzamazama komhlaba kufanele kube olunzulu. Ekugcineni, ukuthi okuningi kuncike endleleni esikalini ngemva kwenhlekelele.

imiphumela

Uma thina acabangele nokuzamazama komhlaba okukodwa okunamandla futhi ezinkulu kuphela, isibonelo yabo umonakalo sobala. I shift uqweqwe izindawo yomhlaba bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene kuphakamisa umonakalo nencithakalo zezakhiwo, imigwaqo kanye nezinye izinto. Lokhu kungabangela ukulimala nokufa. Yingakho kwasekuqaleni ngokushesha ngemva kwenhlekelele wonke amabutho labatakuli igxile isinyathelo ezifana ukuvikelwa sabantu emiphumeleni kokuzamazama komhlaba.

Izinto eziyinhloko ezithinta lolu hlobo eziphuthumayo kukhona amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ezihlukahlukene:

• longitudinal Hypocentral. Lolo hide luqala ngo umthombo zonke iziqondiso ifomu enye kokucindezelwa nezingxabano esishintshashintshayo. inhlabathi ukufuduka kwenzeka kanye isiqondiso amagagasi. Sheshisa mayelana 8 km / s.
• cross Hypocentral. Futhi, elulele kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngesivinini 5 km / s ifomu phuca esishintshashintshayo. Umhlabathi ngokwawo dengwane perpendicularly esiqondisweni.
• Rayleigh Nothando amagagasi. Lolo hide luqala ngo yiyo eshayeka kanzima ngenxa ungqimba phezulu ungqimba lomhlaba. Ukushenxisa ohlangothini mpo futhi ovundlile perpendicular amagagasi. Izinga kuyinto 0.5 2 km / s.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba abantu zincike endaweni lapho zenzeka. Zingase kuhambisane izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze, mudslides, izikhukhula nokunye. E., Kuye onjani izinto zemvelo nezenziwe abantu abathinteka ukulimala. Ekugcineni, inani izisulu kunomthelela isenzo sabantu komhlaba. Uma abantu bazi ukuthi baziphathe kahle, ngeke usinde kuphela ngokwabo, kodwa futhi ukuze usize abanye.

izici qualitative

Ngokwemvelo, ubukhulu kanye ukushuba ukuchayeka nayo ibalulekile. Ukuze kokuhlaziywa zabo zisetshenziswa ngokulandelana esikalini sikaRichter , futhi ezinye amaphuzu izinhlelo esetshenziswa emazweni ahlukahlukene. ERussia kukhona amazinga 12 kufaka:

• 1 iphuzu. Bhalisiwe kuphela ngosizo kumadivayisi ekhethekile.
• 2 amaphuzu. Kungase uzizwe izilwane olubucayi futhi abantu izitezi ezakhiwo eziphakeme.
• 3 amaphuzu. Kwezwakala ngaphakathi kwezinye izakhiwo. Vibration ifaniswe uhambo elolini.
• 4 amaphuzu. Obuzwiwa abantu abaningi, kungase kube umnyango jika namawindi.
• 5 amaphuzu. Minor umonakalo: uhlanganyela izinto wahosha khumuza ngomcako, Imoto yayisikhahlameza amafasitela.
• 6 amaphuzu. Kungase kube ufa elincane olukhonkiwe, ezakhiweni zamatshe aqoshiwe.
• 7 amaphuzu. It elinesimo umonakalo eqinile kwamabhilidi, ukubukeka imifantu nenhlabathi emanzi.
• 8 amaphuzu. umonakalo omkhulu nasezakhiweni, ukubhujiswa izakhi zabo.
• 9 amaphuzu. Ushayeke phansi kwezinye izakhiwo nokudilika kwenhlabathi.
• amaphuzu 10. Ukubhujiswa izakhiwo eziningi. Imifantu phansi kuyaphezulu 1 imitha ububanzi.
• 11 amaphuzu. Ukubhujiswa okuphelele zonke izakhiwo, waphuka eziningi emhlabathini.
• amaphuzu 12. ukuhluleka inhlekelele kanye nezinguquko kule lithosphere. Ngeziphambeko ngaphakathi emifuleni.

Ngokusobala, lapho ukushuba cishe 4-5 nangaphansi ukuvikelwa sabantu emiphumeleni ukuzamazama komhlaba kungadingeki, njengoba zimbalwa futhi ziyantula. Noma kunjalo, kuwufanele ukwazi indlela okufanele siziphathe ngayo izinhlekelele yalolu hlobo.

Yini okumelwe uyenze?

Manje ukuthi izimbangela nemiphumela lokuzamazama komhlaba ziye zicace, kuba ukukhuluma kanjani ukuziphatha kahle, uma izwe ngokoqobo ilele kusukela ngaphansi kwezinyawo zawo.

Okokuqala kumelwe sizame donsa ngokwakho ndawonye futhi ngehlise - esinalo ukuba senze ngokuhlakanipha futhi soberly, ngaphandle singehlulwa ukwethuka. Uma inhlekelele ubanjwe emgwaqeni, udinga ukuthola indawo kude izakhiwo kanye nezintambo zikagesi. Uma Ukundindizela kwaqala ngenkathi ehlala e iliphi igumbi, izenzo sabantu komhlaba zincike onjani isakhiwo. isakhiwo 2-3 storey kungcono ukuphuma ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kungenjalo, uma isikhathi sivuma, udinga ukuvula umnyango, lapho ke bangase babe bagibele bese bathole indawo yokufihla ikhanda. Nokho endaweni bufaneleke eduze udonga main kude amafasitela, ngokuvamile kukho olukhulu kungaba itafula ngaphansi okuyinto ukufihla, noma ubhavu. Into esemqoka - ukuba badede izinto okuxekethile esindayo, amafasitela, njll Yiqiniso, uma kuziwa ukuthutha, uma kwenzeka uthuthumele kumelwe ngokushesha ushiye ...

Izifundo zokulandelisa

Okokuqala, Ukuvikelwa sabantu emiphumeleni kokuzamazama komhlaba itholakala eziphuthumayo yayo abantu baphume, ekuqaleni komsebenzi asindise labo kungenzeka ngaphansi kwale moto. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuzamazama kungaba liphindwe, okwenezela ekubhujisweni, noma abangele amasha.

Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-Russian Eziphuthumayo Ministry, kanye nanoma yimaphi amanye amasevisi wokutakula, lapho izinhlekelele ezinjalo zenzeka - ukuvikela abantu. Abatakuli ukunikeza usizo lokuqala, ukuqondisa sibaleka, ukusula okuvimba. Lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela ukuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa nangenxa yanoma imaphi ezinye izimo eziphuthumayo.

izinyathelo zokunqanda

indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa izinyathelo ezithathiwe ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela ukuxhasa kukahulumeni ucwaningo futhi umsebenzi izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa futhi ukwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile zezakhiwo, amadamu, izakhiwo zokuzivikela.

Abantu abahlala endaweni eyingozi, kutuswa ukuba ekhaya supply ukudla, amanzi nemithi kusengaphambili ukuze uhlole ikhaya lazo ofanele kakhulu izindawo ukufihla, bese uhlela ithuba kuzo zonke izimo, kuhlanganise ukungabi khona ugesi, ukuthola ulwazi, isibonelo ngokusebenzisa irediyo amabhethri. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke impahla yasendlini, okunzima kakhulu, kwaba ukuthi lisesimweni esigculisayo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuvikelwa sabantu emiphumeleni kokuzamazama komhlaba kwasekuqaleni kuncike abantu ngokwabo futhi ukuzimisela kwabo isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi ngendlela efanele. Ukuze kungabikho umonakalo kuyoba ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze bafeze imisebenzi ukuqeqeshwa ukuqeqeshwa.

Ukuzamazama okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva

Ngekhulu xxi kukhona 7 izinhlekelele ezidala umonakalo omkhulu ezihlobene ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba. Bonke babengathembekile sasivumela enamandla futhi okukhulu, waba ezidlula abalulekile futhi kubangelwa izinkulungwane abalimala kanye izisulu:

• 26.12.2003 Iran. Ubukhulu - 6.3. Isibalo sabashone balinganiselwa ku izinkulungwane zabantu 50-60.
• 26.12.2004, Indian Ocean. Ubukhulu - 9.3. Mayelana 200-250 izinkulungwane zabantu abayizisulu.
• 12.05.2008, China, eSifundazweni Sichuan. Ubukhulu - 8.0. Kufika ayizinkulungwane 70 efile.
• 12.01.2010, Haiti. Ubukhulu - 7.0. Sabulala abantu abangaba 220.000, abathintekayo ayizinkulungwane 300, abangaphezu kuka-1 million balahlekelwa amakhaya abo kanye nempahla.
• 27-02-2010, eChile. Ubukhulu - 8.8. It kwakulandelwa-tsunami. Okungenani 1,000 nokufa, amakhaya abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1.5 lilimele.
• 11.03.2011 Japan. Ubukhulu - 9.0. Kwashona abantu abangu-izinkulungwane 15, namanje mayelana efanayo ulahlekile. Ukuzamazama komhlaba umonakalo ezinkulu-tsunami.
• 25-26.04.2015, Nepal. Ubukhulu - 4,2-7,8. Uchungechunge ukuzamazama komhlaba, okuyinto zabulala abantu abangaba ngu-5000, omunye 7 kwalimala.

Akukhona njalo isibalo izisulu kuncike esikalini ngemva kwenhlekelele. Ngokuvamile, izinyathelo ezifanelekile labantu ngesikhathi ukuzamazama komhlaba uvumele ekusindiseni ukuphila kwabaningi. Yingakho ukufundisa abantu ukuthi baziphathe kanjani ezimweni eziphuthumayo kufanele kube njalo futhi ephelele. Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-Russian Eziphuthumayo Ministry njengengxenye nto, kodwa komhlaba eRussia abasakwazi ezingavamile. Mhlawumbe lokhu indiva umsebenzi wabo ngelinye ilanga bangase izindleko ngemihlatshelo emikhulu.