"Mona Lisa" ( "Mona Lisa") nge-Leonardo da Vinci - indalo wizadi brilliant

Iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, izazi-mlando, izazimlando zobuciko, izintatheli kanye nabantu abanentshisekelo phikisana izimfihlakalo "Mona Lisa". Iyini imfihlo ye smile wakhe? Ubani ngempela ithumba portrait uLeonardo? Minyaka yonke Louvre kuza abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8 izivakashi abafisa lokujabulela indalo yakhe.

Ngakho kanjani lo muntu wesifazane abagqoke ngesizotha nge ukukhanya, ukumamatheka ngokulambisa lizwakale, zanda phezu yesikhulumi ezidalweni edume zabanye abaculi omkhulu?

udumo hola

Ake siqale ukhohlwe ukuthi "Mona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci - indalo okhazimulayo umculi. Lokho esikubonayo phambi kwethu? Emomotheka eyethile ngobuso ubuka kithi ayesekhulile impela, abagqoke ngesizotha wesifazane. Akayena enhle, kodwa okuthile kuwo edonsela iso. Inkazimulo - into isimanga. isithombe Okuqukethwe akuzwakali kungasizi ukukhuthaza akukho ukukhangisa, futhi "Mona Lisa" - ikhadi le-Florentine odumile, umhlaba wonke.

ikhwalithi yesithombe iyamangalisa kuwo ezingeni eliphezulu kuthuthukise ipumelelo Yempucuko. Lapha landscape kungabonakali ngokuhlanganiswa portrait, amehlo sesibukeli sibhekiswe eyaziwa ukuma "kontrposto" Ukwakheka pyramidal ... Le nqubo ezinhle: omunye izingqimba thinnest kuthiwa esikhulu eyodwa kuphela ngemva ezomile odlule. Reception "sfumato" ULeonardo ukwenze umfanekiso ukuncibilika izinto, ibhulashi waze wanikela lamatshwayo emoyeni, wavusa play yokukhanya nasethunzini. Lona main nokubaluleka indalo Vinci "Mona Lisa."

ukuqashelwa jikelele

Lokho abaculi abangu abalandeli lokuqala "Mona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci. Imidwebo kwekhulu XVI nezwi egcwele iminonjana yethonya we "Mona Lisa." Ngokwesibonelo, i-Raphael omkhulu: wayebonakala ukugula izici Leonardo, Mona Lisa kungenziwa sabanjwa florentinki portrait ku "Lady ne Unicorn", futhi siyini okurarako, ngisho portrait zomuntu Baldasara Castiglione. Leonardo, engazi, wadala insiza-kufundisa kubalandeli yawo, eyayiqhutshwa ukuthola izinto ezintsha in umdwebo, ukuthatha njengesisekelo isithombe "Mona Lisa."

Dzhordzho Vazari, umculi kanye Isazi-mlando sezobuciko, waba ngowokuqala ukuhumusha izwi ngenkazimulo "Mona Lisa". Encwadini yakhe "Life of abadwebi ezidumile ..." wabiza umfanekiso kaNkulunkulu kunokuba abantu, ngaphezu, wanikeza lesi ukuhlolwa, ngaphandle kokubona isithombe bukhoma. Umbhali nje uzwakalise ukuvumelana jikelele, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze "Mona Lisa" idumela eliphezulu emibuthanweni okhokhelwayo.

Ubani lathatha lo mfanekiso?

Ubufakazi nje ukuthi waya ukudalwa Kwesimo eduduza amazwi ka-Giorgio Vazavi, bani phikisana ukuthi isithombe ethumba ngomfazi Francesco Giocondo, a tycoon i-Florentine, Mona Lisa oneminyaka engu-25 ubudala. Uthi ngenkathi da Vinci zaveza ekumeni, abaseduze kwakhe njalo udlale uhadi bahlabelela, jesters enkantolo silondoloze ajabule, kungenxa ukumamatheka lokhu Mona Lisa sika umnene ngakho futhi ezimnandi.

Kodwa kukhona okuningi ubufakazi bokuthi Giorgio eyayingalungile. Okokuqala, ikhanda wentombazane ihlanganisa umgubuzelo ukulila yomfelokazi, futhi Francesco Giocondo waphila isikhathi eside. Okwesibili, kungani Leonardo enganikanga portrait ikhasimende?

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umculi akuwenzanga nge-portrait ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, nakuba wathenjiswa imali enkulu ngalezo zinsuku. Ngo-1925, a baxgeki baye basikisela ukuthi lo mfanekiso kungokwalabo ukhukhuva Dzhuliano Medichi - Umfelokazi, Costanza d'Avalos. Kamuva Carlo Pedretti ezihlongozwayo okunye ukukhetha: kungaba Pachifika bandanas, enye inkosikazi Pedretti. Wayengumngane umfelokazi yesikhulu iSpanishi, wayazi kahle abafundile, kwadingeka ejabule futhi luhlobise nge yobukhona babo iyiphi inkampani.

Ubani ngempela Mona Liza uLeonardo da Vinci? Imibono iyahlukana. Mhlawumbe lena Mona Lisa Gherardini, mhlawumbe Isabella Gualando, Filiberta Savoyskaya noma Pachifika Brandao ... Ngazi kanjani?

Kusukela enkosini kuya inkosi, umbuso nombuso

Abathelisi ezimbi kakhulu, amakhosi ngekhulu XVI, kuba ekucwaningeni ababeludinga ukuze banqobe umkhiqizo phuma kwendilinga ewumngcingo lokuhlonipha abaculi. Indawo yokuqala lapho nesithome Mona Lisa sesibonile, kwaba okugeza weNkosi uFrancis I. Umbusi ibekwe khona manje hhayi ngoba zendelelo noma ukungazi umsebenzi othile brilliant efika, kunalokho, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu umbuso French kwaba nje okugeza e Fontainebleau. Kukhona inkosi ephumule, ukuzijabulisa indlovukazi yakhe, wathola amanxusa.

Ngemva Fontainebleau umdwebo "iMona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci wavakashela ezindongeni Louvre, Versailles, le Tuileries, kusasele iminyaka engamakhulu amabili uye ayesuka esigodlweni esigodlweni. Gioconda mnyama kakhulu ngenxa nokubuyiselwa asiphumelelanga ngokuphelele amaningi wanyamalala amashiya wakhe namakholomu amabili ngemuva. Uma mazwi angasebenza ukuchaza konke Ngabona Mona Lisa ngemuva izindonga izigodlo isiFulentshi, imisebenzi Aleksandra Dyuma Kunengqondo izincwadi ezomile futhi kuyisicefe.

On the "Mona Lisa" ukhohlwe?

Ekhulwini XVIII, igagasi avule imidwebo edume. "Mona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci umane akaphenduli kwemigomo ubuhle classicism futhi shepherdesses Rococo engenangqondo. Ekuqaleni, wayiswa kongqongqoshe ekamelweni, kancane kancane yacwila njalonjalo phezu isigaba sabefundisi inkantolo uma nje kwaba kwelinye emakhoneni emnyama SaseVersailles, lapho ezophinde abone khona kuphela zokuhlanza izikhulu ngobala ngakho. Umdwebo akufakiwe iqoqo imidwebo engcono yenkosi isiFulentshi, wethulwa emphakathini ngo-1750.

Isimo ushintshe French Revolution. Isithombe, kanye nabanye batholakele ukuqoqwa iNkosi ukuze Museum wokuqala kule Louvre. Kwatholakala ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya amakhosi, abaculi, nakancane ithawula ukudalwa Leonardo. Fragonard, ilungu abakhonza eKomitini Yomhlangano, wakwazi ngokwanele ukuhlola lesi sithombe bese yaba uhlu izingcezu eliyigugu kunawo wonke Museum. Ngemva kwalokho, isithombe kungenzeka zibabaza hhayi kuphela amakhosi nezikhonzi, kodwa futhi wonke umuntu Museum ubhedu emhlabeni.

Lezi zincazelo ezahlukene ukumamatheka Mona Lisa sika

Njengoba wazi, ukumamatheka kungaba ezihlukahlukene eziyengayo, bitingly sad, uzizwa unamahloni, noma bajabule. Kodwa ayikho neyodwa kulezi zincazelo asifanele. Omunye okushiwo 'izazi' ukuthi umuntu esithombeni ikhulelwe, uyamamatheka ngomzamo wasithatha ukunyakaza umbungu. Omunye uthi is smiling Leonardo, lover wakhe.

Kwelinye izinguqulo eyaziwa uthi "Mona Lisa" ( "Mona Lisa") - self-portrait uLeonardo. Muva nje, ngosizo computer uma kuqhathaniswa izici yokwakheka Mona Lisa futhi da abantu Vinci self-portrait, idwetshwa ngepeniseli abomvu. Kwavela ukuthi bayindlu umaqondana. It kuvela ukuthi Mona Lisa - insikazi hypostasis ubuhlakani, kanye smile wakhe - ukumamatheka uLeonardo yena.

Kungani Mona Lisa sika ukumamatheka luphola, ke kuvela futhi?

Lapho sibheka nesithome Mona Lisa, kubonakala sengathi ukumamatheka kwakhe akusona njalo: ize ife, kuyabuya. Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona umbono emaphakathi, ugxila imininingwane, kanye neuropathy, akucaci ngakho. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukugxila amehlo akho izindebe Mona Lisa - smile ubalekela lapho uhlola amehlo akho noma betame kwenta lonke ubuso - yena uyamamatheka.

Namuhla "Mona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci ku Louvre. Ukuze uthole uhlelo cishe esiphelele Ukuvikelwa ke kwadingeka ukuba ukhokhe cishe u- $ 7 million. Lihlanganisa ingilazi inhlamvu, zakamuva alarm system futhi uhlelo eziklanyelwe esekela microclimate kudingekile ngaphakathi. Okwamanje, izindleko zomshuwalense isithombe $ 3 billion.