Shagal Mark: imidwebo ngeziqu. Mark Shagal: lokusungula

Ngo-1887, July 7, wazalwa olandelayo eziphambili emhlabeni umculi Shagal uMarku, ogama imidwebo phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu lama-20, okwabangela ukwesaba futhi injabulo izivakashi nemibukiso eminingi, okuyinto embukisweni imidwebo edumile avant-garde mculi.

Ukuqala ngendlela yokudala

Moishe sika ngisemncane, abazali bakhe ekuqaleni okuthiwa wawuba emzini Vitebsk. Uyise ubesebenza njengomshayeli Loader ngesikhathi imakethe yezinhlanzi, unina waqhubeka ebhentshini kuyinto engasho lutho, Umkhulu kwaba Cantor endaweni esinagogeni lamaJuda. Ngemva kokuthola iziqu esikoleni benkolo bamaJuda Moshe langena sokuzivocavoca, nakuba amaJuda babengavunyelwe khona izikole Russian eRussia tsarist. Yiqiniso, kwakunzima ukufunda esimweni okungajwayelekile. Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa, washiya isikole futhi ngaba wokuzithandela "Isikole umdwebo nokudweba umculi Pan." Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, uMnumzan 'u-Peng, ithalente wamshaya nsizwa yacela ukumqhubela imfundo khulula esikoleni.

umculi Young redrew zonke izihlobo zakhe yena, khona-ke baqala ukupenda ekumeni kwabakhileyo Vitebsk. Ngakho, emhlabeni art wabonakala umdwebi elikhanyayo yasekuqaleni Shagal uMarku, ogama imidwebo maduze ayithenge okungcono iminyuziyamu emhlabeni. Alias, noma kunalokho igama elisha, okwamanje wasungula yena. Moishe othiwa uMarku, futhi Chagall - ushintsho Segal, kusukela nesibongo sikababa.

Northern inhlokodolobha

engu-Twenty Mark banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i ahlale endaweni eyodwa futhi ngokushesha waya Petersburg, enethemba ukuqhubeka ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe lapho yokudweba. Imali ayenakho, ngaphezu kwalokho, olubandlululayo inchubomgomo yembuso Russian maqondana amaJuda lazenza wazizwa. Phila enhloko-dolobha enyakatho kwadingeka phezu komugqa wendlala, okuzenza eziziphilisa imisebenzi uyinqaba. Nokho, Chagall awuzange udangele, wayejabule ibe maelstrom sokuphila kwezobuciko Petersburg. Kancane kancane, wakha isiyingi othintana ewusizo phakathi umphakathi ephakeme yamaJuda, nabangane abasha baqala ukusiza abaculi abasha.

Shagal uMarku, ogama imidwebo ngokushesha phathelana uthathwa njengoba izithunywa entsha surrealist isitayela, zama ukuthuthukisa ubuntu babo futhi akazange ulandele canons owamukelwa imidwebo. Futhi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe Kamuva ekuphileni, wayekhethe lungile dlela. Ngemisebenzi ekuseni umculi wazilandela ngokunembile kumnandi inganekwane nezithombe ehilela. Konke okulotshwe kule nkathi Mark Shagal imidwebo ngeziqu: "Umkhaya Ongcwele", "Ukufa", "Ukuzalwa" - izibonelo njengondunankulu isitayela engavamile. Kulesi sihloko zokugcina, ukubukeka ingane ezweni, kubonakala ngemisebenzi Chagall izikhathi eziningana, e ukutolika ezahlukene. Nokho, kuzo zonke izimo, obelethayo ivezwe isibonelo esihle, which ukubaluleka nabanye abalingiswa, abalimi, izimbuzi, amahhashi abamzungezile. Nokho, lokhu mkhuba yobuciko by Marc Chagall, wakwazi ukuhlela imininingwane ezincane ukuze ngokungazelelwe baqala ukulawula isixuku. Ukhathele umama omusha futhi umbelethisi nengane ngezingalo zakhe kwezinye obyurazom engaqondakali elaba isikhungo isithombe.

Ujwayele Lvom Bakstom

Nakuba Petersburg, Shagal uMarku, ogama imidwebo ahehe okwandisa umphakathi wokuziphilisa, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e esikoleni esingesona esikahulumeni kwezobuciko Seidenberg ngenkathi kwenziwa umsebenzi elula ku umagazini Jewish "kwelanga" ukuba sinikeze 'ukudla kwabo. Kamuva, wahlangana ne Lvom Bakstom, Zvantseva uthisha esikoleni, okuyinto wadlala indima juqu isiphetho umculi. Chagall khona nasemhlanganweni izinkulumo umdwebi Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, okuyinto eyamdonsela njengendlela iqhawe konke entsha kwezobuciko.

Entwasahlobo ka-1910 e-DEBUT we Marc Chagall - imidwebo yakhe abaye bahlanganyela Ngosuku lokuqala, okuyinto wahlela ukuba abahleli "Apollo". Ngaphambi nje lo mcimbi umculi bahlangana zokuphila kwakhe, Bella Rosenfeld. Uthando Kwagqashuka phakathi kwabo kweso, nesikhathi esijabulisayo eyathatha amabili osukwini lapho abantu abasha beshadile futhi baqala ukuhlala ndawonye. Ngo-1916 umbhangqwana saba nendodakazi owayebizwa ngokuthi u-Ida.

Ukuhambisa eParis

Ehlobo lika-1910 iphini Maxim Vinaver, UMuphi futhi a fan of big ezobuciko, Chagall wathenjiswa umfundaze kwenza kwaba lula ukufunda e-Paris. Inhloko-dolobha ye-France wahlangana Mark affably, yena ube ngumngani umdwebi Ehrenburg kanye nosizo lwakhe wathatha studio e Montparnasse. Chagall wabhala ebusuku futhi emini ulahleke zemibukiso, nokucwala nemibukiso, ukuze ifunde konke ehlangene art omkhulu umdwebo.

Benkathi Ephakathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 baye baba isibonelo umculi abasha. Omkhulu Cezanne, Van Gogh, Pol Gogen, Delacroix - ngamunye wabo nomdlandla Chagall uzama ukufunda okuthile bona. umeluleki wakhe Petersburg, Lev Bakst, ubuka imidwebo waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha of umfundi wakhe kanye, wathi ngokuqiniseka ukuthi "manje yonke imibala ukucula." Imidwebo ngu Marc Chagall, isithombe okuyinto ethulwa ekhasini, yakho yokusekela uthisha ngokugcwele.

ukukhoseliswa okudala

Chagall wathutha ngokushesha e "I Isidleke", uhlobo arttsentr waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha, elaba litheku abaculi ngokuvakashela abampofu. Lapha, u-Mark wahlangana izimbongi, ababhali, abaculi kanye nezinye Bohemians yenhloko-dolobha French. Zonke lezo imisebenzi ayilobayo "Isidleke" UMarku Shagal (imidwebo ngeziqu: "umshayi wevayolini," "Calvary", "Kutinikela makoti wami", "Buka of Paris kusukela window"), waba "ikhadi ukushaya". Nokho, naphezu nokwenziwa ugcwele waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha imvelo kwezobuciko, umculi akabakhohlwa mayelana Vitebsk lwakubo, nopende: "Izinkomo Kuthengiswe", "Mina Village", "isinemfu".

Imisebenzi ekuseni

Omunye imidwebo esimnandi kakhulu kuba "iwindi. Vitebsk", abhalwe isitayela "art ukuzikhohlisa" noma "primitivism", elandela esikhathini ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe uMarku Shagal. "Iwindi. Vitebsk" yadalwa ngo-1908 lapho umculi kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukufunda ukuhlakanipha 'isitayela bakudala ".

Ngeminyaka embalwa nje wachitha e Paris, Mark Shagal wabhala imidwebo abangamashumi amathathu ezingaphezu kuka-150 watercolors. Wonke lo msebenzi wamxosha ukuba Berlin embukisweni ngo-1914, okuyinto eyaba inzuzo ukusebenza wakhe oyinhloko emhlabeni art. Izethameli bajabula ngokukhululwa zabalingiswa Chagall. Berlin umculi wayehamba ukuya Vitebsk lwakubo ukubona Bella, kodwa uvinjelwe ukuqala ngokuzumayo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

I okunye isiphetho umculi

Mark Zaharovich Shagal, ogama imidwebo baye waziwe kabanzi, wadedelwa lokubuthelwa ebusosheni. Abangane basiza indawo umnyango wezempi-zezimboni Petersburg, futhi kwaphela isikhathi esithile umculi enikeziwe nezezindlu imisebenzi. Chagall imidwebo kulezi zikhathi ezineziyaluyalu zahlatshwa ezimatasa futhi ubhekane namaqiniso. "Impi", "Iwindi emaphandleni", "umkhosi wamadokodo", "Red umJuda" - ezimbalwa imidwebo, okuyinto zadalwa ngesikhathi sempi nje. umculi uchungechunge eceleni lyrical imidwebo yadalwa, "Hamba" "Pink Lovers", "Usuku lokuzalwa", "Bella collar white". Lezi imidwebo zimele kuphela ngengxenye encane yomlando uchungechunge olubanzi imisebenzi yakhe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

"Hamba"

Omunye imisebenzi edume kakhulu umculi, wadala ngo-1918. Indlela azizwa Post-wamavukelambuso, ukukholelwa ikusasa eliqhakazile, romance lothando abasha - konke lokhu kubonakala ku-canvas. Ukuphoxwa amagugu entsha social woMkhandlu yezwe asikafiki, nakuba kwaba isiseduze. Noma kunjalo, omunye labalandeli abathembekile iningi izimiso ezintsha ngaleso sikhathi bafunda ngokuhweba umculi Mark Shagal. "Hamba" - isithombe nethemba lokuhle, esigcwele ithemba elikhanyayo, izinhlamvu abacabangi okungekuhle. Owesifazane kuboniswe ngendwangu, elintantayo ngenhla ngokoqobo, nsizwa, futhi, ilungele phuma phansi.

umsebenzi Chagall sika 1917-1918

Umculi aphefumulelwe izenzakalo Yokuvukela Petrograd. Yena, njengezinye eziningi enhloko-dolobha esenyakatho nezazi, wazizwa umoya fresh yokushintsha futhi bakholwa naphutha yabo. Petersburg abaculi, ababhali, abaqambi wathatha ukukhuthaza indlela entsha yokuphila, futhi ngomunye wabokuqala phakathi kwababusi abathanda obiza ukulingana kwabo bonke abantu, uMarku Shagal. Imidwebo "Ngenhla City," "Impi lwesigodlo - maqhugwane emhlabeni" nezinye imidwebo eminingi kulesi sikhathi ibonisa isifiso umculi ukudala.

Bella kanye isixha sezimbali

Indawo ekhethekile umculi kuthatha umdwebo anikezelwe umkakhe amthandayo, abake bamlethela bamphathele nezimbali ukuhalalisela ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngomzuzwana, waphuthuma ku-Iyizeli. Ethinteke core, umculi wazama wasithatha zikhathi amahle on ngendwangu. Lokhu kwenzeke Mark Shagal. "Usuku lokuzalwa" - isithombe ezidalwe Ngemizuzwana ngesimo indaba emfushane, bese ukushintshwa. Waba omunye the best in the iqoqo umculi. Njengoba athi, ugqozi eza imizuzu embalwa, kubalulekile ukuze bangaphuthi.

yemfanelo

impahla ngo-1918, uMark Zaharovich Shagal, ogama imidwebo sezisetshenzisiwe esifundazweni Vitebsk, ukuthi igunyaziwe ukuze Ubuciko wendawo abaphakanyiselwe ekungeneni ekomidini eliphezulu. Umdwebi ukuboniswa amakhono oluvelele yenhlangano, yena ehlotshisiwe Vitebsk ngosuku esenzeka ngalo October Revolution, ezihlukahlukene izibhengezo, amafulegi kanye amabhanela. "Art uquqaba!" - onjalo kwakuyiNkosi isiqubulo yakhe.

Ngo-1920, uMark Shagal kuhanjiswe ku Moscow kanye Bella no-Ida kancane, lapho eqala ukusebenza emkhakheni yaseshashalazini umphakathi. Ngokuhamba evamile yebhizinisi ukudala imihlobiso kokubukeza izindlela zayo zobuciko Chagall ukusebenza empandeni, bezama ukuthola eduze "wamavukelambuso" isitayela esisha imidwebo. Iziphathimandla Party imizamo eminingana ukuletha umculi ngakuye, kodwa njengoba Chagall yayisivele hlonishwa njengomphakathi master lomhlaba shayela, lemizamo ayiphumelelanga.

ukuphikiswa

Ukungezwani phakathi umculi inkululeko abathanda nobuholi lamakhomanisi, ngokushesha yaphenduka ngxabano evulekile, noMarku Shagal abaseSoviet Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe nomkhaya wakhe.

Berlin iba idolobha lokuqala European, okuyinto ixazululwe Marc, Bella no-Ida. Umculi ezama ukuthola imali embukisweni ngo-1914 baba yize, iningi imidwebo wanyamalala. Chagall wabuya imidwebo emithathu kuphela kodwa abambalwa watercolors.

Ehlobo lika-1923, uMark wathola incwadi evela Paris kumngane wakhe ubudala, wamngenisa ukuza inhlokodolobha French. Chagall siyeza, lapho-ke ulinde esinye ukuphoxeka - izithombe ukuthi wake zishiywe "Isidleke" futhi wanyamalala. Nokho, umculi akaphelelwa inhliziyo, uqala kabusha bhala yobuciko zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Mark Shagal uthola umnikelo ovela ummemezeli ezinkulu imidwebo izincwadi. Yena uqala nge noveli "Imiphefumulo Dead" by Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya futhi kahle ubhekana umsebenzi.

uhambo Umkhaya

Income Chagall waqiniswa, futhi yena nomkhaya wakhe iqala ukuya amazwe aseYurophu. Futhi phakathi uhambo lomkhumbi umculi wabhala imidwebo yakhe ongafi, okuyinto ayabaluleka kuqhubeke ngokukhanya, "Portrait Double", "Ida efasiteleni," "Ukuphila kuyisipho ngomzana. ' Ngaphezu imidwebo, Chagall wahlanganyela efanekisa kushicilelwa "La Fontaine sika Izinganekwane."

Ngo-1931, uMark Shagal wavakashela Palestine, efuna ukuzwa weni zokhokho babo. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, lapho umculi kwadingeka eZweni Elingcwele, waphoqeleka ukuba ashintshe isimo sakhe sengqondo ekuphileni. Bella nendodakazi Ida sika eyayisizokufa, wena oboniswe umusa omkhulu lo. Emuva e-Paris, Chagall ukhathazeke kuphela imifanekiso waseBhayibhelini.

Ukudlulela Melika

Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni zibalekela amaNazi aseJalimane, umndeni Chagall sika bethuthele e-United States. Futhi waphinda - ukusebenza kwenkundla waseshashalazini, kulokhu-ballet Russian. Igor Stravinsky saphikiswa umsebenzi Chagall kanye Picasso Ukhethe imidwebo, isigaba zokubhukuda kodwa zabhalwa Mark Benziwe.

Impi e-Europe ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, nakuba kusobala ukuthi sokubusa kwamaNazi wahlulwa. Ehlobo lika-1944, kufika izindaba ezinhle - Hitler on the esengozini lacela umaluju. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kuka-August, Marc Chagall fumana inhlekelele, esibhedlela efa ngokuzumayo kusukela sepsis Bella. Umdwebi ilahlekelwa injongo yokuphila nosizi, kodwa uyangisekela futhi indodakazi uyasinda Ida. kamuva ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela izinyanga Chagall kuthatha esandleni. Manje uthola ukusinda ngosuku umsebenzi upende nobusuku. amaza Creative umdwebi wamsiza usinde ukulahlekelwa nokucija.