Logistics Systems - Kubaluleka Logistics kuyinto ...

Igama elithi "logistics" ekuhunyushweni kusuka kwi-logistiki yesiGreki akusho lutho ngaphandle kokukwazi ukucabanga, ukubala. Sebenzisa lo mqondo waqala ngekhulu le-6. Lokhu kuboniswa yizivumelwano ezichaza ubuciko bezempi ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-logisticist nakho kwavela enkantolo yombusi waseByzantine. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukusabalalisa ukudla okuthengwe etafuleni.

Kukhona ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemigomo ye-logistics ngu-Napoleon. Wabasebenzisa ukuhola ibutho lakhe.

NgesiRashiya, igama elithi "logistics" livele ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Lo mqondo wenziwa ngumchwepheshe wezempi waseFrance u-Antoine Jomini.

Incazelo eyinhloko yegama

Ukuphathwa kwezindawo kungenye yezingxenye zesayensi yezomnotho. Isihloko sokucatshangelwa kwayo yinhlangano yenqubo enengqondo kakhulu yokukhuthazwa kwezinsizakalo kanye nezimpahla ezivela kumkhiqizi kumthengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kwempahla kuyisiyalo, okudingekayo ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuphathwa kahle kwempahla, kanye nenqubo yokukhuthazwa kwabo kumthengi. Lesi sayensi sibona futhi kudalwa ingqalasizinda edingekayo yokuxazulula lezi zinkinga.

Kusukela ekubukeni kwanoma yikuphi inhlangano, ukuphathwa kwempahla akuyona into nje yokuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kusukela ekuthengisweni kwempahla, ukuthengiswa nokugcinwa kwezimpahla, imishini, njll. Umqondo ocatshangelwayo uhlanganisa ukulawula ulwazi nolwazi lwemali ebhizinisi.

Umqondo wesistimu ye-logistics

Esichazamazwi se-encyclopaedic, umuntu angathola incazelo yeqoqo lezici, ukuthi, ngokuhlangana komunye noma komunye nomunye, zakha ubunye obuqondile. Lona uhlelo.

Lo mqondo usebenza kwisayensi esiyicabangayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokungena - yilona igama eliyisisekelo salesi siyalo. Inhloso yendalo yabo ukunciphisa izindleko noma ukuzigcina ezingeni elithile ngenqubo yokuletha ulwazi, izinsizakalo noma izimpahla ngendlela efaneleko nokulinganisa endaweni echazwe kwinkontileka nomthengi.

Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo

Izinhlelo zokungena kwemvelo zintuthuko zezomnotho, lapho ukuhambisana kwezici kuyisici, phakathi kwazo:

• Iqoqo lezixhumanisi ezahlukene ezikusebenzisana nomunye;
• Ubuhlobo obuthile obathinta izimfanelo ezibalulekile;
• Izici zokwenza uhlelo ezenza ubuhlobo obuhlelekile;
• Izimfanelo ezididiyelwe zikhona kuzo zonke izinhlelo, kodwa azifani nezixhumanisi zayo.

Izinketho zesistimu yokunyakaza komkhiqizo

Ngokusekelwe kulo mkhuba womhlaba, izomnotho zenza isiphetho esingenakuqhathaniswa ukuthi izimiso zokusebenza zimelela enye yezinto ezibalulekile zomugqa odingekayo ekuthuthukisweni okujwayelekile kwebhizinisi. Inhloso yalezi zintuthuko ukwandisa ukusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ezisebenzayo kanye nezemali, nokuziphatha emazingeni ahlukahlukene.

Izinketho zesistimu ye-logistics zihluke kakhulu. Zihlanganisa:

• Okubalulekile kusho ukuthi kudingekile ukuhamba kwezimpahla (ukulayishwa nokulayishwa kwezindlela, TS, izindawo zokugcina impahla);
• Izitokisi zokukhiqiza;
• Iminyango yokuphatha zonke izakhi zohlelo lokunikezela.

Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqhubekela phambili kokuhamba kwempahla kwenziwa ngomsebenzi wabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, abasebenzisa izimoto, imishini ehlukahlukene, njll.

Umqondo wesistimu yezinto ezingenakwenzeka akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komsebenzi odidiyelwe nokuvumelanisa wezixhumanisi zawo, okuphelele kuwo wonke umhlaba anezindawo eziningi, okungukuthi:

1. Ukuthembeka nokuhlukaniswa. Noma yikuphi uhlelo, okufaka phakathi i-logistics, kuthathwa njengesethi yezinto ezihlangene. Ezingeni eliphezulu, kufaka phakathi amabhizinisi kanye nokuthutha okuhamba phakathi kwabo. Ngokucwaninga ngokuningiliziwe kwezinhlelo zokungena kwempahla kuyisethi yezinhlelo ezinjalo, njenge:

• Ukuthengwa, lapho inqubo yokugeleza kwempahla igeleza kwisistimu yezinhlelo;
• Ukuhlela kanye nokuphathwa okuqhubekayo kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithatha izimpahla ezitholiwe futhi zibaqondise ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe, ukuguqula indaba yomsebenzi ekugcineni komkhiqizo;
• Ukumaketha, owomsebenzi wokuthatha umhlalaphansi wezinto ezibonakalayo kugeleza ohlelweni lwezinhlelo.

Zonke izici ezicatshangwayo ziyikhwalithi ehlukene, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziyahambisana nomunye nomunye. Umsebenzi wabo ovamile futhi uqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo yonke uhlelo lwe-logistics.

2. Ubuhlobo. Zikhona phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi ze-logistics system, zichaza izimfanelo zayo zokuhlanganisa. Ezingeni eliphezulu, izivumelwano zikhonza njengezixhumanisi. Kuzinhlelo ezincane yizobudlelwano bokukhiqiza.

3. Inhlangano. Yile ndawo ye-logistics system eyinikeza yona.

4. Izimfanelo ezihlanganisayo. Lo mhlaba uphazamisa ukusebenza kwehlelo lohlelo njengamanje. Izimfanelo ezididiyelwe zimelela ikhono lokuletha umkhiqizo ofanele kumthengi endaweni efanele nesikhathi esinezindleko ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndawo ikuvumela ukuba uvumelanise nesistimu uma kwenzeka ushintsho ezimweni zemvelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza? Zihlukaniswe zibe ezokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla, ukukhiqizwa kanye nezomthetho, abasebenzi, ulwazi, njll Zonke zazo zifakwe emaqenjini amabili asemqoka, okuyizinto ezinkulu nezincane. Lezi yizinhlelo eziyinhloko zokusebenza. Ake sicabangele ngamunye wabo ngokuningiliziwe.

Uhlelo lwezinhlamvu

Lona uchungechunge olukhulu lwezixhumanisi ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zomkhakha, ezokuhweba nezokuthutha ezikhona emazweni ahlukene noma ezindaweni ezihlukene zombuso owodwa. Bafaka ama-macro system kanye namafemu aphakathi. Zonke lezi zixhumanisi ndawonye zimelela ingqalasizinda yezomnotho yesifunda, izwe elilodwa noma iqembu lamazwe.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-macro-system yezinga lamazwe yindabuko enzima kakhulu. Nakhu kuyadingeka ukunqoba ubunzima obuhlobene nezici zezomnotho nezomthetho zamazwe ahlukene. Futhi, ngezinye izinkinga eziningi, izinhlelo ezinjalo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zihlanganisa. Lezi zimo ezingalingani zokunikezwa kwezimpahla, nemithetho ehlukahlukene yokuthutha, nezinye izithiyo.

Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso semithetho eningi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhlelo zangaphandle kuzodinga ukwakheka ezingeni lezomthetho lomakethe owodwa kanye nesikhala somnotho esingenamingcele yangaphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho ukuthutha izimpahla, abasebenzi, ulwazi kanye nenhloko, akufanele kube nemingcele yamasiko.

Izinhlobo zezinhlelo ze-macrolevel zihlukaniswa ngokwezici ezilandelayo:

• Esiqenjini sokuphatha-sendawo yezwe;
• On amathuba okuziphendulela-ukusebenza.

Emisebenzini yamazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, umqondo onjengokuthi isimiso somhlaba jikelele esiyinkimbinkimbi sisetshenziswa njalo. Lokhu kungaba isimo (isibonelo, uhlelo lokusakaza). Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenzeka ezingeni elilodwa. I-Global ibizwa nangokuthi i-interstate system, ehlanganisa amazwe amaningana. Umqondo ofanayo uhlanganisa uketshezi lwamazwe angaphandle, ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yamazwekazi amaningi.

Ngokwezixhumanisi ezikhona, izinhlelo ezinengqondo eziningi zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngakho, bangaba:

• Ukuxhumana okuqondile, uma ukugeleza kwempahla kuhamba ngokuqondile kumkhiqizi wezimpahla kumthengi wokugcina;
• Okungenani umbhali oyedwa (izinhlelo ezinjalo zokubamba zibizwa ngokuthi i-echeloned);
• Ukuxhumana ngokuqondile, noma ukuletha izimpahla ngokusebenzisa umshuwalense (izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo zokuphatha izinto).

Uhlelo lwesiprofetho

Lena uhlobo lwenhlangano yokugeleza kwempahla, isetshenziswe ebhizinisini elithile. Inhloso yochungechunge lwezingqikithi ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwezinsiza ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuhlinzeka, nokuthengisa.

Uhlelo lokusebenza lwebhizinisi kufanele lwakhiwe ngokucabangela imigomo yezinkambiso zenkampani futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokusebenza kahle kokusebenza kwayo. Izentuthuko ezinjalo zihlanganisa ububanzi benkampani ngayinye ethize. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lohlelo lwenhlangano luqinisekisa isixazululo sezindaba zangaphakathi ezihlobene nokugeleza kokuhamba kwempahla.

Futhi kulokhu kunesigaba. Izinhlobo zezinhlelo ze-logistics zihlukaniswe ngokuthi:

• Ngaphakathi (ngaphakathi);
• Ngaphandle;
• Ihlanganisiwe.

Isistimu yezinto ezibonakalayo zohlobo lwangaphakathi libizwa ukuba lenze ngcono ukuphathwa kwemifudlana yempahla ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomjikelezo wezobuchwepheshe kwalokhu noma lokho okukhiqizwayo. Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukunciphisa ama-inventories omsebenzi oqhubekayo kanye nezinsiza ezibonakalayo, kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokwenyuka kwemali esebenzayo yenkampani. Kuze kube sekugcineni, uhlelo lohlelo lwebhizinisi kumele luphathe futhi lulawule izinga lemithombo yezinto ezibonakalayo futhi lenze umsebenzi wezokuthutha kwezobuchwepheshe uphumelele. Isixazululo esiphumelele salolu msebenzi sizoholela ekunciphiseni izindleko zokukhiqiza nokwandisa komkhiqizo wezabasebenzi ngenkathi kugcinwa izinga elidingekayo lezimpahla eziphelile.

Izindlela zokubukeka ezibonakalayo zenzelwe ukuxazulula imisebenzi ehlobene nokuhlelwa nokuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezihambisana nomthengi kuya kumthengi. Lokhu kuhamba kwenzeka ngaphandle komjikelezo wezobuchwepheshe webhizinisi.

Izakhi ezakha izinhlelo zangaphandle zezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngamanethiwekhi wokuhlinzeka nokusabalalisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhamba kwemikhiqizo evela emakethe okukhiqiza kumthengi wokugcina. Zibandakanya kokubili ukuhamba kwe-intra-nkampani, ukugcinwa kwempahla, njll amayunithi, nezinhlangano ezihilelekile ezenza ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla. Imisebenzi eyinhloko eklanyelwe ukuxazulula izinhlelo zokungena zangaphandle ukuhlela ngokuhlelekile ukuhamba kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokwandisa zonke izindleko nokunciphisa isikhathi sokudiliva.

Izimo zezomnotho zanamuhla zidinga izindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele zokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Futhi lapha izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zezinhlelo ziza ekuhlanguleni. Zisekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwezindlela zendabuko kanye nohlelo olusha lokuphatha ukugeleza kokuhamba. Njengamanje, izinkampani ezihamba phambili zomhlaba ekuthuthukiseni izixhumanisi zokugcina ukugeleza kokusetshenziswa kwemvelo zisebenzisa ulwazi oluvamile kanye nesikhulumi sekhompyutha.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakha uhlelo olusha lwezinhlelo ezintsha. Ukuphathwa kwe-logistics ehlanganisiwe kuvumela izinkampani ukuba zikhulise ngokuphawulekayo isivinini sokuthengiswa kwempahla, ukunciphisa ukusungula nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende emikhiqizweni nemisebenzi ekhwalithi. Ngokuhlanganisa umsebenzi wabaphathi benkampani, zonke izingxenye zayo zesakhiwo, kanye nabalingani be-logistics, ungazuza imiphumela engcono kakhulu ekwenzeni ibhizinisi.

Inhlangano yokugeleza kwezinto ezihambayo

Ukuphathwa kwamasistimu e-logistics kunesimo esithile. Ihlanganisa lezo zakhiwo njengokuthengwa nokukhiqizwa, ezokuthutha, ukusatshalaliswa nolwazi. Ake sicabangele ngamunye wabo ngokuningiliziwe.

Imisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla ixazululwa ngenqubo yokulethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ebhizinisini. Kulesi sigaba, abahlinzeki bakhethwe futhi bafundiswa, izinkontileka zisayinwe, futhi ukubulawa kwabo okulandelayo kuhlolwa. Uma kwenzeka ukwephulwa kwemigomo yokulethwa eshiwo isivumelwano, izinyathelo ezifanele ziyathathwa.

Isibonelo sesistimu yezinhlelo ezixazulula izinkinga ezifanayo singabonwa kuwo wonke amabhizinisi. Kunoma iyiphi inkampani kunezinsiza zokunikezela, okuyiwona wonke umsebenzi ongenhla onikwe wona.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwaziswa okugeleza ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi ngokwayo kuphethwe. Okusho ukuthi, lapho izimpahla zidalwa noma amasevisi anikezwa. Kulesi sigaba, imisebenzi yayo ixazululwa yizinto zokukhiqiza. Okucacile kwalesi sakhiwo wukuthi yonke umthamo womsebenzi ekugezeni kokugeleza kwemvelo kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yebhizinisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bonke ababambiqhaza ohlelweni lohlelo bangangeni ebuhlotsheni bempahla nomunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba kokugeleza akukwenzeki ngokuvumelana nezinkontileka eziphelile. Ihamba ngokuvumelana nezinqumo ezenziwe yinkampani yokuphatha yebhizinisi. Noma kunjalo, indawo yokusebenza kwezimboni ihlobene kakhulu nemisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla kanye nokusabalalisa okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo eqedile.

Umqondo wesistimu ye-logistics ihlanganisa ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi yokusabalalisa. Lezi zabelo azibhekiswe emabhizinisini okukhiqiza kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinhlangano ezibandakanya imisebenzi yokuhweba nemisebenzi. Kulesi sigaba, isakhiwo samandla sifakiwe ekuphathweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, ngoba umsebenzi wokusabalalisa uthinta umnotho wesifunda. Isibonelo, lokhu kusho inhlangano yesistimu ephathelene nokusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yokudla. Ekuhambeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, lesi sakhiwo sokwaziswa sigxila ngisho nasesiteji uma sisendaweni yokukhiqiza. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinkinga zokupakisha kanye nokupakisha, isikhathi, ivolumu yokukhiqiza, njll, zibhekwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa kwezinhlelo zokungena kuzo kudlula esigabeni sokuthutha. Lapha, izimpikiswano zokuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo kokugeleza kwezinto zixazululwa. Bonke babo bangabasensimini yezokuthutha. Kuzo zonke ezinye izixhumanisi zalolu chungechunge, azikho imingcele ecaciswe ngokucacile. Indlela yokuthuthwa kwezokuthutha isetshenziselwa ukuhlela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuthutha.

Ulwazi Logistics

Imiphumela yokuhamba kwezinto ezibonakalayo incike kuphi? Ukusebenza okuphumelelayo komsebenzi kungenzeka kuphela lapho kunezinhlelo zokwaziswa ezisekelwe kahle. Yibo abavumela emashumini eminyaka edlule ukuba baphathe ukuphathwa kokuphela kokugcina kokuhamba kwempahla.

Ama-logistic information systems asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-microprocessor, ubuchwepheshe benkcazelo yesimanje kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxazulula imisebenzi. Le sphere ihlobene ngokuqondile nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo ezilawula nokulawula ukuhamba kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imininingwane ayishintshi kuphela ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi ngokwayo, kodwa futhi phakathi kwabalingani abahlala ezindaweni ezide kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesistimu yezinhlelo

Noma yikuphi ukuhlela ukuhamba kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuqala ngokubuyekezwa kwesimo samanje kanye nokwabiwa kokuhlolwa okufanele. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhlelo lwe-logistics luhlaziywa. Kubalulekile ukutadisha imvelo yangaphandle, ukuhlola abaphikisanayo kanye nemakethe, kanye nokunquma izici zezakhiwo zezixhumanisi ngalunye kulesi sikhungo esithuthukile.

Ukuqhuba izifundo ze-logistics system, okokuqala kutholakala ukutholakala kwezindawo zokugcina izinto zokuthuthukisa. Khona-ke sifunda idatha yangempela edingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe umgomo nokuhlolisisa kokusebenza kwenqubo yokugeleza kokuhamba kwempahla. Ekupheleni kokuhlaziywa, izinketho ezikhona zokuguqula uhlelo lwezinto zokusebenza zikhonjisiwe, zenze iqhaza ekudalweni kwesikimu esamukelekayo kakhulu.