Lenkaba zesiFundo Lermontov M.Yu. izinkondlo Lermontov mayelana ezweni

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, ngempela omunye esezingeni isiRashiya, ogama lakhe ilethe izincwadi zezwe lethu udumo emhlabeni wonke. On ukubaluleka baba yayo belingana enjalo geniuses ezinkulu njengoba Alexander Pushkin ne-NV Gogol.

The main zokudala imbongi: zothando (1828-1832), ushintsho (1833-1836) abavuthiwe (1837-1841). Isihloko lenkaba e Lermontov ligijima wonke umsebenzi wakhe.

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1830s, imbongi iqala ukuthola owesifazane ebamba yayo ekhethekile romantic yenqubo zomlando kwezenhlalo, kwakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi e aesthetics zefilosofi European kanye historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel GF, GG Gervinus Futhi z. umalusi et al.), kanye nezincwadi Russian futhi European (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, ekuseni Gogol nabanye).

izikhathi Ukuxhumana kanye nezizukulwane

Njengoba kusho I. Goethe, umculi kumele uzizwe le nqubo njengoba ukuhlanganisa ndawonye ngesikhathi esedlule nesamanje. Ngokusho GG Gervinus, ngumuntu onobuqambi njengelungu isidingo sakhe ukuba fighter "ebuthweni ukudalelwa." Ukudalelwa siqondwa njengoba ukugcwaliseka uxhumano okuphakade phakathi esizayo futhi ngezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule okwamanje.

Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa uqobo e indima efanayo, Lermontov kuthatha ukuvikelwa nobuntu. Ukuzizwa uxhumano izizukulwane kanye ubudala, Mikhail ngesikhathi esifanayo kokudabula igebe zabo okukhulu. Kulombono wekutsi uyaphikisana in ukwazi Yingakho esidlule nobuqhawe abantu Russian. It kuvimbela ukuxhaphaza, isenzo ebaluleke emphakathini of uthando lweqiniso, okuyinto ihlanganisa abantu emphakathini athuthukile, wazifaka ku-ileveli entsha zokuziphatha nezingokomoya iSilekeleli Sokwazisa nokuthuthukiswa.

Personality esinezitezi-iphakade

Eqhathanisa esidlule manje, Lermontov, isihloko ngokwemvelo futhi lokhokho okuyinto ezembulwa imisebenzi eminingi, ngokuvumelana VF Egorova, ufuna ukuwakhipha kusuka formula "ungubani-umlando-ubuphakade 'ingxenye maphakathi. Ababebhikisha ngokumelene umlando, Mikhail ubona umsebenzi waso esikhathini esidlule kwaze icala isizukulwane owayephila ngesikhathi yokungenzi nokunganaki (le nkondlo "Duma") futhi isikhumbuzo esikhazimulayo esidlule nobuqhawe abantu ( "Borodino").

DS Merezhkovsky debunks inganekwane Solovyov nezinsolo "yamademoni" Lermontov. Uthi kwesinye isikhathi, ukufunda izincwadi zanamuhla, waphahluka wacabanga kuphakama ukuthi kwadingeka neligwadulekile ngokoqobo Russian. Ukuxhumana phakathi zokugcina nanamashumi amahlanu eminyaka emkhakheni izincwadi ngokoqobo, umlobi uyabhala, ubhujiswe. Lokhu kubonakala ngemisebenzi Lermontov.

"Iculo mayelana Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"

"Iculo mayelana Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." ifakiwe etheksthini yinye yeqhawe adalwe umlobi njengoba iphupho, ephusheni edume esidlule esikhazimulayo lapho Russian ukuthi "ukuvusa abantu" uyakwazi umhlatshelo, isenzo nobuqhawe nangezenzo egameni imigomo ephakeme, " umthetho okuphakade "ngokuba ngokuyenga umuntu izenzo ezinjalo nobuqhawe. Bayaqhubeka isikhashana, kodwa kuze kube sekugcineni ezisenkumbulweni abantu, ngokuhlanganisa "osheshayo" ukuze 'ubuphakade'. lenkaba zesiFundo Lermontov uvame lezi zenzo, okuyinto, ngokusho Mikhail Yurevich, bakha okwengeziwe legends basezinganekwaneni enzelwe umculi futhi umbhali njengoba Alexander uthi abasebenzi, Pushkin, "ujabula ngokwengeziwe" kuka izinkumbulo zomlando.

Izosha uhlobo olusha

Lermontov wadala izinkondlo zakhe amazwi uhlobo olusha ehlangana ibe nokuxhumana ngqo yesiko, umlando kanye nakho siqu futhi ukucabanga zakamuva zefilosofi. Futhi kuhlelwe umqondo ngu ukoma yenjabulo emhlabeni reflection bokusungula, nje okungaqondile, neminjunju siqu nemizwelo, engcwele, izwi elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo futhi yokukhuluma yemihla ngemihla.

Lermontov yayisekelwe zonke ezibalulekile zefilosofi muntu futhi ngumuntu (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG et al.), Kodwa akazange makudle phi of them. umcabango wakhe olusankondlo yaphenduka yomculo ukuzazi futhi ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba, ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa rationalism futhi subjectivism nefilosofi esivela romanticism yesimanje, ekuqedeni nokungezwani ngokoqobo wesimanje, begijima ukufuna amagugu angokomoya bangempela.

YAMI Lermontov, edalula simo esiyinhlekelele savela Russia yesimanje futhi ukucabanga umuntu kuleli lizwe, njalo wafuna izindlela ezahlukene ukuze ubuyele umuntu wonke kazwelonke, abantu, induku kaNkulunkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, imbongi, sokwetshisa futhi inhlabamkhosi ipumelelo Russian futhi izwe yokucabanga olusankondlo, ngavula amathemba sokuthuthukiswa entsha isiqondiso - symbolist izinkondlo milestone 19 nele-20, kanye lonke ikusasa izinkondlo.

lenkaba Isihloko izinkondlo Lermontov kuvula sikhathi esinzima inguquko. Ngamandla futhi imiva ka Lermontov komculo emhlabeni nakho nemibono athuthukile ubuntu ezingokomoya zabantu owayephila sikhathi zesikhashana. Kwakheka njengoba imbongi emngceleni phakathi ukunwetshwa izinduna serf uhlelo kanye nokuntuleka ngokuqiniseka esikhathini esizayo, it is enamandla wazwakalisa lesi isimo Lesisemkhatsini kwengqondo, edwengula amaketanga shackling imiqondo yakhe endala, kodwa namanje engayitholi izisekelo entsha.

YAMI Lermontov. Homeland: isihloko kanye umqondo

lenkaba Isihloko ngemisebenzi Lermontov, ubuhlobo womuntu ngamunye kanye isimo ophoqelelwe Mikhail Yurevich ukufinyelela kulungiselelwa zezinkinga eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi inhlalo-zefilosofi oyingozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba akuphelele, njengoba isibalo uvela enkolelweni imbongi kwakungelona iqoqo ubudlelwane ngalokugcwele emmangweni nasetindzaweni ngabanye, okubukwa ngokombono imvelo jikelele.

"Duma"

Personality libonisa Lermontov ngokumelene nezwe lonke ephumelela, kodwa ngokuvamile eyingozi ekuphikeni wakhe konke iboshiwe inkululeko yezifiso eziphakeme. Kulokhu, imbongi uphendukela besikhathi sakhe. Enkondlweni "Duma" abhalwe 1838, umcabango edabukisayo isizukulwane, esasizobhujiswa ukuba ungaphila kulempilo ngaphandle kokushiya nokuncane emlandweni, kungena esikhundleni iphupho bobusha bakhe we ubuqhawe romantic.

Lermontov wazizwa enesibopho ukwazisa besikhathi sakhe iqiniso mayelana simo esidabukisayo lapho kwakukhona unembeza wabo futhi umoya. Ngokombono Mikhail Yurevich, kwaba abaphansi, ababuthakathaka, nginenhliziyo ngobugwala isizukulwane ephilayo ngaphandle noma iliphi ithemba lokuphumelela esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kwaba impumelelo imbongi sika mhlawumbe kunzima ngaphezu ukuzimisela ngenxa ezweni labo futhi inkululeko yayo afele izikafula. Ngoba izitha Lermontov nje kuphela, kodwa ngisho abathandayo kubika leli qiniso elibuhlungu, Mikhail Yurevich osolwa yokunyundela umphakathi wesimanje. kuphela VG Belinsky ngokuqonda kwakhe lokukwazi kungabonwa ku "chilled futhi nabanomusa" sengqondo ekuphileni Lermontov ukholo nodumo isithunzi yokuphila komuntu.

A feat e igama Motherland

Mikhail engafuni futhi ayikwazanga gubadlela akhe. Zonke izinkondlo, amadrama, izinkondlo kanye netinhlekelele ngu usiba lwayo eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu lokusungula olujulile - lena ngempela feat egameni lokhokho kanye nenkululeko. lenkaba Isihloko ngemisebenzi Lermontov kubonakala hhayi kuphela ekukhazimuliseni ukunqoba Russian enkondlweni "Borodino", e emigqeni adumile: "Ngiyamthanda lawobaba ...", kodwa futhi eziningi imisebenzi, ezingalotshwanga ngqo ukhulume inkululeko, hhayi mayelana lenkaba, kodwa aphoyintimenti imbongi, isiphetho isizukulwane, igazi saba abangenangqondo, isiboshwa engenabantu negculisayo ukuphila, ekudingisweni. Ekhumbula isizukulwane sakhe owayephila ngesikhathi esidlule nobuqhawe abantu ( "Iculo mayelana Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), waveza ukholo zokudala futhi namaqhawe ukubaluleka kwabantu, okungaba unqobe angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa esizayo, umlando kanye isimo samanje. Uthando Lermontov lenkaba ubekhona, umsebenzi.

iqhawe Lermontov sika enkondlweni "Kusukela Andreya Shene" Uzindla isidingo netento tesive ngemisebenzi, "10 Julayi 1830" futhi "Julayi 30 (Paris) 1830" Ifuna iqhaza izimpi wamavukelambuso futhi wamukela ababambiqhaza, enkondlweni "ukubikezelwa" imidwebo yakhe bakhangwa kuvukela.

Homeland ku lyric ekuseni

Amaqhawe izinkondlo ekuseni - Byron futhi Napoleon - Mikhail futhi lihlabelela isenzo yomphakathi. Nokho, intshumayelo yakhe yezindaba izinxushunxushu wamavukelambuso, efana hero volitional isinyathelo uNapoleon ziyangqubuzana. Lermontov wabhala ukuthi ngonyaka owodwa kwesibhamu ngesikhathi amakhosi ohlanga is ugumbuqelwe, abantu ngeke usaba abathanda iNkosi, futhi "ukudla kwabaningi kuba ukufa legazi." isithombe kuchaziwe - umphumela kwavukelwa kuleli zwe - kuyinto esibuhlungu kakhulu kulokho isikhathi esijabulisa kangakanani ukuthi ufuna iqhawe. Kuyinto Apotheosis iziyaluyalu, ukubhujiswa, ukuhlupheka akunabuntu.

"Ukubikezela"

Enkondlweni "Ukubikezela", eyalotshwa imbongi ngisho eyishumi nesithupha 1830, Lermontov oprofetha nenhlekelele okuseduze kanye nemiphumela edabukisayo uma uhlanganyela izenzakalo ezinjalo. Isibalo abesabekayo wesahlulelo yena alivezayo ingubo emnyama. Lesi sifaniso isithombe ebumnyameni kuyo, ebonakalayo manje ngenxa emafwini intuthu futhi eminyakeni eyikhulu.

Kakade izinkondlo zakhe ekuseni Lermontov eveza ukungakholelwa abantu nokuphila, yithemba. Kamuva, zokunqoba Luhambo Muse Byron, uzama ukuthola usekelo kwezifiso zawo empeleni uqobo. lenkaba zesiFundo Lermontov iqala ukuzwakala ezahlukene. Uchaza uthando nasezweni lokuzalwa (cabanga, isibonelo, 'ezweni "yevesi ukuhlaziya Lermontov), umuzwa wokuthanda ukuhlanganisa nemvelo, uguqulwa abe nakho awuvumelani yonke (" Lapho amagagasi yellowing cornfield ").

"Borodino"

lenkaba Isihloko kwembulwa abadumile inkondlo "Borodino" e Lermontov. Lo msebenzi yanyatheliswa ngo "Contemporary" e-1837. Umlando nkondlo iphindela izinkondlo ekuseni romantic "ISiganga Borodino." Lermontov ngezindlela eziningi ushintshe umsebenzi woqobo. Indawo isikhulumi ezingaziwa, inkululeko-onothando, kodwa volnolyubiya yakhe abstract, wathatha "Umalume" - umlandzi ngempela prosaic, njengoba ukuhlaziywa vesi. Lermontov okwazalelwa ubukeka okungenzeka ngenxa umbhalo, abanye ezidabukisayo ejwayelekile izingxenye ziye sihlanza akazange zivumelana ngokoqobo izenzakalo. Njengesimo sezulu esibi, isiphepho romantic, okuyinto kusolakala ukuthi kwenzeka ngosuku olwandulela impi, itsetfwe ukuwa isibhakabhaka ngobusuku obucwathile, okuyinto kwakuhambelana nokuka ngokoqobo. Kwakungelona nje yokuthi intuthuko, njengokulandela ubufakazi wangempela ukuvuthwa isipho okudala Lermontov. Ngakho-ke, "Borodino" sekuba zilingana nezinhlobo yobuciko okukhulu kunakho konke "iTestamente," "Ezweni namaqiniso Lermontov" futhi "Valerik".

Ukushintsha uhlobo

izinkondlo Lermontov sika on isihloko "Ezweni" uye yasishintsha futhi uhlobo yayo. Didactics sokuphikisa ekuqaleni "Borodino Field" sekuthathelwe indawo yemvelo, didactics kuyindida lelandzisako ngenhloso ilula futhi icacile. Umkhiqizo "Borodino" kuyinto eseyintsha. Kunalokho, kuyinto inoveli didactic, lapho kwenzeke khona impi zaphambukela polemic kwakhe inert, evilaphayo, bengenandaba, ngokuvumelana imbongi, ngempela. Belinsky iphathwa "Borodino" njengoba webumbacambili yomsebenzi lapho ongaphambili - indaba iqhawe elidala, kwebalingisi ongokoqobo ngokulinganiselwa izigcawu lwempi, abubheka, kanti eyesibili - ngomunyu isihlamba, siziqhathanise zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje, ukuqiniseka luba nomthelela aqinile enkondlweni "Duma".

lenkaba zesiFundo Lermontov kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomqondo isizwe kanye nabantu. Belinsky kuqashelwe ukuthi Lermontov wagcwala umoya ubuzwe, ahlanganisiwe naye. Phawula futhi ukuthi imbongi wasebenza esikhathini yokujama tsi. Phakathi naleyo minyaka kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ukuqhubeka isimo nekusasa layo. Mikhail Yurevich imizwa yokushisekela izwe Bavuka kakhulu futhi kamuva laba indawo ebaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba engufanayana nanhlanu, YAMI Lermontov, Homeland indaba ephathwayo onqamula wonke umsebenzi, wabhala: "Ngiyayithanda ekhaya nokuningi kwabaningi '(le nkondlo" Ngabona isithunzi sindiso ... ").

Entsha iqhawe lyrical

Ngemva kwezinguquko 1837 iqhawe kakhulu lyrical: waqala ukuzizwa alinganayo nabanye abantu, kude yamademoni. Kuchazwa ngokwaso njengoba isisulu isikhathi, encenga ummeleli wakhe. Kukhona nesithakazelo ekuphileni kwabanye abantu, ngisho nangokomoya, wenhlanganyelo kwangaphakathi nabo, ngezinye izikhathi liphenduka ukuguqulwa ibe isosha noma isiboshwa ( "Umakhelwane", "Omakhelwane", "The Prisoner," "ezithunjiwe Knight"). Kulesi isilinganiselo hero amathuba amasha. Yena uyazizonda ngobuze wokuziqambela, le undecidability eziphikisanayo layo langaphakathi, izama ukuthola usekelo kwezifiso zawo. Kabusha iqala ukuzwakala futhi isihloko lokhokho ngemisebenzi Lermontov.

Isithombe ongokomfanekiso njengezitha zezwe lokhokho

Imbongi, ngokuba romantic, futhi wadala umfanekiso ongokomfanekiso generalized yezwe labo. izinkondlo Lermontov sika on isihloko "Ezweni" zibonisa ke njengendlela ekahle ezithile. Mikhail Lermontov, ogama lenkaba yayisho lukhulu ukuyidelela abantu abangenayo ke, okukhululekile ekuhluphekeni kanye nogqozi. Uqhathanisa kubo emafwini (le nkondlo "Namafu", 1840), cool njalo athukulule sukela eningizimu usuka nesithukuthezi kutholakale indawo yamasimu kakolweni eyinyumba.