Kuyini ukuzikhethela. Umlando ukuvela intando izimfundiso

Kuyini ngesisekelo khona? Hlobo luni amandla angabonakali kubangela umuntu ukuba enze izinqumo ezithile? Lemibuto uzame ukuphendula kuka kwesinye isizukulwane zefilosofi nososayensi, ukusunduza zokubuka ezihlukahlukene. Kulesi sihloko esisodwa kuzoxoxwa kusukela mbono ngokuthi ukuzikhethela. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa lokuqala livele German sezokuhlalisana kwabantu F.Tonnisom ngo-1883, kodwa umqondo lakhiwe ngisemncane kakhulu.

Kuyini ukuzikhethela? Lokhu kuthambekela ngemibono nefilosofi eyaziwa njengendlela isimiso esiyisisekelo kuyo yonke intando (kusukela Latin. Voluntas). Imbangela yale zwe, ngokombusi voluntaryists, kwaba intando kaNkulunkulu, ukuthi yini ebangela zonke ukuziphatha kwabantu nakho ezigxilile amaza intando. Abanye bale isiqondiso uyoletha yesigaba iyiqiniso elimsulwa, amandla cosmic ukusuka lapho kumile zonke izinqubo engokwengqondo umuntu. Ingqondo manje iba isikhundla yesibili, yingakho ukuzikhethela - legumbi ifilosofi engenangqondo kwekhulu le-19.

Okokuqala washayelwa umbono ka ukuzikhethela sazi Roman Augustine, owayekholelwa ukuthi intando - kuyinto le yisandla ka umphefumulo, ekhuthaza abantu ukuba ukuzazi, zibamba bonke ukunyakaza zethu, imicabango sicashunwa ekujuleni ukuqaphela kwethu. Lo mqondo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ayezolandela, yasungulwa ngo imisebenzi Schopenhauer futhi Nietzsche, kanye eziningi zefilosofi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwelama-20.

Uyini ukuzikhethela ka Schopenhauer?

Ngokusho kwakhe, intando - lokhu ingenye yezingxenye zomhlaba, kanye ndaba, kungcono ngeminako yokuphila. Shopengauėr ezikhonjwe izinyathelo ngeke kumiswa:

1. Ukuganukeja.
2. Magnetism.
3. Ukwakheka kwezinto - emhlabeni wezinto ezingaphili.
4. Beshukunyiswe intshiseko intando (ukwethula kuphela abantu).

intando Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke yasekuqaleni lunamandla, it is ziyabonakala ezweni wezinto ezingaphili. Wabe uqalisa izwe abahlala, futhi kubonakala ziyofuna ukudla. I kuzokwenza ukuba asinike izidingo ezintsha nabasafufusa, kanye kudala nabo. Ekugcineni, uthi sefilosofi, ukuphela kuzokufika kube buhlungu, ngoba imithombo anqunyelwe futhi akunakwenzeka ukwabelana konke ngokulinganayo. Ukuzibulala - it is kuphela isenzo wokumelana ukungeneliseki.

Kuyini ukuzikhethela Nietzsche?

Esinye isazi sefilosofi isiJalimane, owaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni intando izimfundiso, kwaba Friedrich Nietzsche. Ezinkondlweni zakhe ekuseni, umthelela esiyitholayo Schopenhauer, kodwa kamuva yathola luhlaza eyinqaba. Nietzsche babekholelwa ukuthi intando akuyona united, futhi banambitha, okungukuthi kuzo zonke ophilayo okungokwalo, futhi zonke zomhlaba izinqubo zenzeka kuphela ngenxa Ukungqubuzana izithakazelo - "ungabi incwadi yefa, yayingeke ibe khona ukunyakaza; Kungaba isilinganiso nenani ezinye izinto maqondana abanye. " Nietzsche ingena esikhundleni Schopenhauer "ngeke ukuphila" "kuzosiza kakhulu ukuqeda amandla", leyo ayibheka njengento force main ukushayela wokuphila, owawuthi futhi kudingeka siphile - ". Push sigameko"

Nokho, ukuzikhethela - incazelo akuyona imihlola luyingxenye zefilosofi, ngokuvamile bekuzwa, futhi kokuhlaziywa ezomnotho isihloko. izikole Domestic ukunikeza incazelo elandelayo:

ukuzikhethela Economic - kuyinto ukwamukelwa of izinqumo engenangqondo indiva imvelo kanye izitayela kwezomnotho ngesisekelo bethanda besikhashana.

Futhi iyini ukuzikhethela e umfanekiso izakhamuzi amandla Western? Lapha, igama elithi uba nombala omuhle, zingase esiqokiwe ngokwentando esithatha izinqumo ku-abantu, ngaphandle kwengcindezi kwangaphandle.