I yizinguquko kwezomnotho Gaydara Egora Timurovicha

Yegor Gaidar yaba ilungu Government of 6 Novemba 1991. Lolu suku kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha esizoqala yizinguquko kwezomnotho eRussia. Amandla izisethile umsebenzi njengoba ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka isikhathi sokususa ezweni esidlule lamaKhomanisi. Ukuze wenze kanjalo ngaphandle izinguquko ezinkulu emnothweni, eminyakeni eminingi yayikhona uhlobo umnotho kuhlelwe, kwakungenakwenzeka.

kwekuhlela kabusha Gaidar sika wakhonza njengephayona isigwedlo ukudala eRussia a khulula emakethe. Uhulumeni sikhathi liberalized amanani okudayisa, kabusha uhlelo intela, wadala isimiso esisha ukuhweba. Zonke lezi zinguquko okukhulu kwakuthengwa ukuba ngokuthi "therapy ukushaqeka".

Inani ukuxegiswa

Okthoba 28, 1991, kwathi sekusele izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuqashwa kukaNksz Egora Gaydara the Vice-President for Yemfihlo Economic soMthetho woHulumeni, uMongameli Russia Boris Yeltsin wabeka inkulumo eyisihluthulelo ngesikhathi Congress of amaphini Yabantu. Inhloko isimo zikhipha isimemezelo sokuba inkululeko amanani. Wayengumngane isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke classical emakethe umnotho. isinyathelo kukaMongameli wamukelwa izihambeli weCongress cishe ngazwi linye.

Ukuqala kabusha kwezomnotho Gaidar Ngangimbheka njengomuntu okumelwe yaqaphela esikhathini esifishane. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba ukuxegiswa uzobe umemezele ngoDisemba 1. It kuqhathaniswa republic union, okuyinto namanje kwadingeka eyodwa Russian ruble zone. kwekuhlela kabusha Gaidar BakaJehova babebizwa asikhumbule Economist nabo kwegama akuyona nje. Nakuba nomthetho omusha phambi kwephalamende bavikela Boris Yeltsin, ababezijabulisa amandla akhe kamongameli, ukuthuthukiswa wonke amaphrojekthi walala emahlombe Egora Timurovicha nethimba lakhe.

Ukuqala langempela ekutjhugululweni kwezomnotho Gaidar efika Januwari 2, 1992, lapho kwavunyelwana ngesinqumo somthetho kamongameli "On izinyathelo lokukhululwa kwezinsizakalo amanani." Izinguquko ezenziwe ngokwabo wazizwa ngokushesha. Isimo saphela alawule amanani wholesale 80% no-90% we-okudayisa. Likahulumeni agcinwayo okwesikhashana ukulawula kuphela ezibalulekile emphakathini ezidayiswayo: ubisi, isinkwa, njll Lokhu ukubhuka sivunyiwe ngesizathu ... kabusha Economic Gaidar kwenziwa kwezimo abasebenza ngaphansi kwazo omawala nomphakathi, lapho labantu ishiywa ngilambatha ngemva obumbi kohlelo ukuhlela nokuwa isimiso samaSoviet.

Uhlelo Gaidar sika

Ekulungiseleleni noHlelo, uhulumeni aphuma ukuthi umbono, ukuthi iRussia akanayo "indlela ekhethekile", futhi kubalulekile ukufunda zonke izici eziyisisekelo Western ezimakethe zomnotho. Kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1991 kwakusahlala ukuthi yini edale lokhu ajenda kulindeleke wokuqoka iziphathimandla zaseRussia. imiklamo yabo ahlinzekwa osopolitiki ehlukahlukene kanye zezomnotho: Yavlinsky, SHatalin, Saburov Abalkin etc ...

Ngenxa yalokho, le "ukunqoba" namanje Uhlelo Gaidar. Kwakungelona nje kwezomnotho. Izinguquko kufanele kube ngokwakha ubuhlobo emakethe kuleli zwe ukuze kwakhiwe isimo kazwelonke omusha, endaweni yakhe lalingenalutho ngemva kokuwa wobukhomanisi. Yegor Gaidar imibono yabo evezwe imibhalo "amathemba kwezomnotho eliseduze Russia" futhi "Strategy Russian e Inguquko". Ngokusho miklamo, izinguquko abangu kugcile kakhulu azimele, ukuxegiswa zezimali futhi njengoba sinjalo.

Ithimba Gaidar sika ezikhonjwe izinkinga ezinkulu ezintathu ukuthi isizwe abasha ngofuzo ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. Kwakuwusuku ukuwa kwamandla emali, ukukhokhwa crisis letindzala. Owokugcina kubo kwaba iqiniso lokuthi iziphathimandla baye balahlekelwa ikhono abo ukuze alawule ukugeleza imithombo.

Kuhlelwe ngokuyinhloko kabusha futhi kakhulu ngcono izinga jikelele, njengoba ePoland ngesikhathi benza uhulumeni Rakovski. Gaidar babekholelwa ukuthi Kulezo zimo kuleli zwe ekuqaleni mayelana izinyanga eziyisithupha, ukuwa kwamandla emali uyoqhubeka. Nokho, le phrojekthi kwadingeka ukuba uyekwe. Izibalo sebekhombisile iziphathimandla ukuthi izinyanga eziyisithupha Inkinga wezwe is nje ngeke usinde. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba uqale nokukhululeka olukhulu ngokushesha. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi akekho omunye noma ngenye indlela akazange athembisa lutho umnotho omuhle.

Ukuwa komnotho

Inani ukuxegiswa kuye kwaholela ezihlukahlukene nemiphumela engemihle ukuthi engenakugwemeka ngalesi ijubane esasizosheshisa lokuguqulwa emnothweni. I-oda entsha emakethe kwaba ephikisana komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali - ehlobo lika-1992 amabhizinisi yasekhaya abalahlekelwe inhloko-dolobha yabo ukusebenza. Entwasahlobo ka ibhange central waqala ukukhipha inombolo enkulu umkhakha ukubolekisa, abalimi, the nasemazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet, nokunye. D. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze ahlangabezane ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba khona gxuma omkhulu kwamandla emali. Ngo-1992 yafinyelela ezingeni 2500%.

Ukuwa iphutha ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Inhlekelele yokuqala yagqashuka ngenxa yokuthi ngaphambi ukuxegiswa intengo akuyona esikhundleni ngemali owawuse, okuyinto asisindise lizwe kusukela ruble ubudala Soviet. Lwemali entsha ubonakele kuphela ngo-1993, lapho kabusha kwezomnotho Gaidar yayisivele kuqedwa, wesula uhulumeni.

Ayehle kakhulu amandla emali kwesokunxele ingxenye kokunye ephundlekile enkulu yomphakathi wonke eRussia. Esikhathini 90 maphakathi inani labantu abampofu kwaba 45%. ezifakwa yehliswa labantu Soviet e-Sberbank zilahlekelwa amandla wokuthenga. Uhulumeni usole isehlakalo usenkingeni Supreme Council, kwamphoqa ukuchitha nenkinga ezengeziwe lwemali.

Impikiswano ezengeziwe imali supply waqala isilandelwa ngisho kule minyaka Soviet, lapho isimo ngosizo ezezimali imali yasekhaya. Lapho benza kwekuhlela kabusha Gaidar sika, uhlelo ekugcineni ngiyaquleka. republic uMbumbi eU.SSR ikhokhwe nezinkampani Russian le ruble efanayo, okuzokwenza eminye kuyakhula obumbi. Ehlobo lika-1992 njengoba countermeasure ukuze usethe ekhethekile non-cash umlobeli akhawunti ngosizo eyayiqhutshwa zasemizaneni amanye amazwe CIS.

IPhalamende emelene nohulumeni

Gaidar kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu kwezomnotho kusukela ekuqaleni abangu ngaphansi ukugxekwa of amaphini Yabantu. Njengoba yaziwa, ngo-Ephreli 6, bavula yabo VI Congress. Ngalesi sikhathi Iziphathimandla zazingathandi ukuphikiswa eyanele lebumbene, ogxile lobbyists kutekulima nasetimbonini awanelisekile nge zokunciphisa uxhaso nesimo.

Ngezinye komunye wemihlangano yabo engqungqutheleni lathatha isinqumo, okuyinto ebekwe izikhalazo main kumelene nenqubomgomo kahulumeni. E. T. Gaydara Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba ngokuthi imbangela eziningi izinkinga zomnotho .. Ukuhlala kwamazinga iwe labantu, lapho kubhujiswa lesi ubuhlobo ababenabo kwezomnotho, ukwehla kwezinga lezimboni, ukuswela imali, njll Ngokuvamile, kukhona ukuhluleka Uhulumeni ukugcina isimo kuleli zwe elilawulwa. Umphathintambo ukholelwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa Gaidar sika Kwakuseshwa ngaphandle kokubheka umbono futhi ibhizinisi abanikazi zomphakathi. Izihambeli isimemezelo aphakanyisiwe umongameli ukushintsha imigomo yezomnotho, ikhumbula zonke iziphakamiso zakhona ukubhuka.

Ukuphendula ekuhlaseleni amasekela UHulumeni, kanye Gaidar Borisu Eltsinu kubaqoqi ukwesula kwakhe. ONgqongqoshe unamathisele umbiko wagxeka isiphakamiso Congress, siphawula ukuthi uma amandla uya kule nkambo, uhulumeni kuzokhulisa izindleko ezingeni uphakeme kunesakhiwo ruble ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-, kuyilapho izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali uyofinyelela embundwini 400% ngenyanga.

Isizathu sokwesula kwakhe engakaze samukelwe, kodwa Yeltsin namanje waqhubeka amasekela ebucayini. Wethula kuHulumeni abantu abasha - okubizwa ngokuthi "abaqondisi elibomvu", akwazile izithakazelo abanikazi amabhizinisi ezinkulu, owathola okuthunyelwe kwabo eminyakeni Soviet. Kulesi kweqoqo babe uVladimir Shumeyko, George Hizhu uVladimir Chernomyrdin.

Lokhu kwalandelwa imizamo ekulinganiseni isimo sezimali. Kuze kube yimanje, uHulumeni encishisiwe lechitfwa nguhulumende, kanye kwethulwa izintela entsha. Ngo-May 1992, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali zehlele. It kwenziwa enye imfuneko woMkhandlu Ephakeme - kakhulu ngcono komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. UHulumeni futhi usunike ruble 600 billion ekukhokhweni isikweletu izisebenzi zasemayini nezinye abasebenzi abasesitelekeni wamabhizinisi enkulu

Ngo-July, lapho izimo ziye zashintsha kobuholi Central Bank. Inhloko entsha Viktor Gerashchenko, oye aphethwe lokhu isikhundla eSoviet Union, baphikiswa izinguquko of Yegor Gaidar, kusolwa imali ukusikeka. Engxenyeni 1992 yesibili, Central Bank abolekise ivolumu kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 3 kakade. Ngo-October, imali eshodayo kusabelozimali lancipha 4% we-GDP, uma iqhathaniswa naso isibalo Agasti.

Qala azimele

Ngo-June 1992, Yegor Gaidar baba usihlalo kaHulumeni. Ngalo lelo hlobo, azimele waqala eRussia. Abashisekeli bezinguquko ungathanda nekuwusebentisa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. UHulumeni ukholelwa ukuthi iRussia idinga ukuvela isigaba abanikazi, eyayizoba kuwumgogodla futhi ukusekela lezomnotho isimo. Privatisation wamabhizinisi zenzeka endaweni lapho izitshalo kanye nezimboni eqinisweni ungeke uzithole usuwile. Enterprises kwathengwa ingoma. Ukuthenga wathatha ngendathane. Ngenxa izimbobo eziningi kule nomthetho kuthengiselana babe ukwephula izimisele nemikhuba eyonakele.

Lapho E. T. Gaydara kwekuhlela kabusha seziqedile maphakathi nawo-90s eRussia ziye zifake izindali, lapho amabhizinisi ngobukhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu kuleli zwe sekudlule ezandleni abanikazi ezintsha ngoba amanani encishisiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngenxa yalokho lezi ukuthengiselana, isigaba esisha oligarchs, okwaholela ukuhlukana enkulu nakakhulu social phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu.

Abasekeli kabusha futhi azimele kahulumeni Gaidar wayekholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuyeka simiso esidala yaseSoviet yokuthuthela umnotho kazwelonke nge monopolization ngokweqile futhi yinye. Ephoqelekile yokuthengisa amanani ziye zaholela ukweqisa eziningi kanye namaphutha. Ngokusho vo, mayelana 80% labantu waseRussia uyazicabangela imiphumela azimele njengoba engumlanjwana.

izaphulelo

Ukuze azimele mass laqanjwa ivawusha - azimele ivawusha, okuyinto besihloselwe exchange of amafa bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni. Wadlulela ezandleni yangasese. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba ngokusebenzisa leli thuluzi, amabhizinisi kamasipala kuzodluliselwa nobunikazi yangasese.

Sekukonke, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-146 amavawusha ezanyatheliswa. Izakhamizi abaye bathola isheke, zingase zisebenzise wephepha se-amasheya enkampani noma ukubamba iqhaza endalini. Futhi iphepha wayengathengiswa. Izakhamuzi zezwe asikwazanga iqhaza ngqo azimele. Babeye corporatized amabhizinisi abo noma ukudlulisa amavawusha ezikhwameni ivawusha utshalomali (ChIF). Kube zadalwa angaphezu kuka-600 nezinhlangano ezifana.

Prakthiza luveza ukuthi izaphulelo sizitholela izinto nje kuwukuqagela. abanikazi Eziningi zalezi izibambiso bawathengisele esandleni osomabhizinisi nge idumela kuyangabazeka noma etshaliwe Chiefs, benethemba lokuthola sithole izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngenxa yalokho lo mkhuba inzuzo yangempela izibambiso wawa ngokushesha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, labantu waqala ukufuna ukuqeda izaphulelo. Basuke ikakhulukazi esezinzile izandla wabenza ezinomthunzi befisa ukuthola inzuzo, izikhulu nokuphathwa kwamabhizinisi ngokwabo.

Ngenxa azimele yayo onamawala (igama kabusha kwezomnotho Gaidar) owawusedolobheni ukuxegiswa amanani, uma izindleko ivawusha Isikhwama isibe kancane izikhathi eziyishumi kunenani langempela izinkampani. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi befisa bakwazi ukuthenga 500 namafemu ngobukhulu nezitshalo $ 7 billion. Kodwa eqinisweni, base balinganiselwa ku $ 200 billion. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-okuthiwa "capitalism zasendle", esangenza 10% abantu bakuleli batholakale ukuthola ukulawula phezu gugu lesizwe. Imali eyinhloko ngokuletha nokukhishwa igesi, amafutha nezinsimbi non-ayoni. Izinkampani nabanikazi entsha hhayi kuphela ayizange ibuyise inzuzo emnothweni Russian. Abazi ngisho ukuya ukukhokha esikhula ngokushesha izikweletu sangaphandle isimo.

inqubomgomo nezokulima

Ngo-1992, ekuqaleni yezinguquko Gaidar sika imakwe futhi izinguquko kule ndawo. Indima ebalulekile emnothweni wezolimo waqala ukudlala letisha umnotho. Uvele levalekile izinkampani isitokwe ngokuhlanganyela, ama cooperatives nokubambisana elinganiselwe. Sekukonke, benza zaba mayelana 2/3 komkhakha wakuleli wezolimo. Inkinga ishayé kanzima bonke laba amapulazi ezintsha. Enganele wezolimo imishini, izimoto, umquba nokunye. D.

Uhulumeni uye bamukela uhlelo ukuqeda izinsalela isimiso samaSoviet - isimo nasemapulazini ngokuhlanganyela. Ngo-March 1992, i-Russia abangaba yizinkulungwane 60 ngabanye amapulazi ipulazi hlobo. Ukuwa inombolo yabo liye landa izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Nokho, ngenxa yokuntuleka ubuchwepheshe Basaba abakwazanga ukunikeza iyizwe nenani elanele yokuvuna. Regression kwaholela yokuthi okukhiqiza maphakathi nawo-90 kwehla 70% uma kuqhathaniswa ngesizini edlule Soviet. Umlimi wayengakwazi ukondla isiRashiya, futhi bonke ngenxa nokwanda okuphawulekayo intengo reagents, imishini, nokunye. D.

eziyinkimbinkimbi Military-zezimboni

Ngo-1992, uhulumeni ngokucijile kunciphise yezikhali kwempahla. Ngo nenkathi yamaSoviet samasosha zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi uye ususuthi kakhulu. Kwakuthinta wachitha share sengonyama kwesabelomali. Nge bomnotho, isimo wayengeke asonge izandla imisebenzi iningi izinkampani, okwaholela ucabanga nokuthengiswa kwazo kumuntu wesithathu.

Okubuhlungu nakakhulu, ingabe le nkinga nge ucwaningo nentuthuko (R & D). I-oda ngezimali lokhu eziyinkimbinkimbi labhujiswa, yingakho amaqembu abaqeqeshiwe ephukile futhi engenawo umsebenzi. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqala okubizwa ngokuthi "kanzima" - .. I ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe of ososayensi, onjiniyela, abaklami, njll Basuke bakamalalahlengezela ezifudukayo emazweni Western beyofuna ukuphila okungcono, ngenkathi amabhizinisi abo babeyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu kokungenzi lutho ngaphandle umsebenzi.

Uhulumeni, ukuguqula umkhakha ukuzivikela, wenza amaphutha ezinkulu: wayengekho ukuqhubeka kabusha noma ukudlulisa izimboni zigciniwe. Abanye ochwepheshe aveze ukuthi uhulumeni eyayingalungile lapho kususwe imigoqo ukuthini ezidayiswayo, ezashiya inkampani kungekho niche emakethe.

ukwesula Gaidar sika

Ngo-December 1992, Yegor Gaidar besula yomnyango Usihlalo kaHulumeni. Ukuhamba kwakhe kwaba ebucayini phakathi kwawo Supreme Council futhi uMongameli yeRussia. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi isivumelwano kuzovumela ukubamba ngokuphepha inhlolovo uMthethosisekelo omusha. Nokho, ngo-1993, amasekela yenqaba ukufeza izibopho zabo, okuholela ukungqubuzana uHulumeni uMongameli. Waphetha Okthoba izenzakalo, lapho eMoscow wahlupheka izinsuku eziningana lokulwa emgwaqweni.

Esikhathini crisis ekwindla Gaidar wabuya once more kuhulumeni, kwakukhona indoda iPhini likaSihlalo lokuqala, kanye noNgqongqoshe Umnotho. Ekugcineni, abaphathi abaphezulu, washiya Januwari 20, 1994. Ngalesi sikhathi zonke izinguquko ezinkulu kwezomnotho Gaidar kakade aphethwe, futhi kuleli zwe, wayephila esikhathini ngokoqobo entsha kwezomnotho.

Imiphumela emihle yezinguquko

Emuva ngo-December 1992, ngosuku olwandulela umhlalaphansi, wafingqa imiphumela emihle yomsebenzi wabo. Undunankulu ngesikhathi VII Congress of amaphini Yabantu wagcizelela impumelelo enkulu amandla. Kabusha uhlelo intela, ukwenziwa ngasese kanye nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo (kabusha amapulazi collective nesimo), Energy kabusha zikawoyela esungulwe encishisiwe izindleko ukuthenga kanye nezinhlamvu nezempi.

UNgqongqoshe Umnotho nalowo asebenzisana Gaidar Andrey Nechayev ngokuthi uHulumeni kanye nezinye izinyathelo ezisemqoka esikhathini esibucayi. Ngaphandle okungenhla kakade intengo ukuxegiswa, uhulumeni uye wavumela ukuhweba khulula, izikweletu angaphandle ixazululwe ngokuvula imigqa wesikweletu eNtshonalanga. Gaidar kabusha ngo-1992 kwenza ukuba zokwehlisa imali eshodayo kusabelozimali. Okubalulekile intela ezintsha kuyinto ukuvela intela ku umkhiqizo kawoyela. Into yesikhathi esidlule kuhlelwe uhlelo umnotho. Isimo kwaba iphendukele nezinkontileka kuhulumeni. Emkhakheni wezingalo steel utshalomali ubudlelwano ukhiye iziphathimandla kanye osomabhizinisi yangasese. Kabusha lakhiwa nokuhwebelana amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet - waya amanani emhlabeni futhi emakethe eziyisisekelo.

E. T. Gaydar, izinguquko kwezomnotho okwaholela kabusha ubudlelwane zezimali, ubiza ukusungulwa izimiso bezentengiselwano nokukhishwa izingalo impi. An emisha ebalulekile kwaba ukwamukelwa yomthetho ku ezikweletini. Njengoba sekunama-emnothweni emakethe sezisunguliwe futhi owokuqala izinkampani utshalomali kanye nama stock exchanges, okungase kwakungafanele eSoviet Union.

"Ukwelapha Shock"

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union Russia kudingeka enze isinqumo, okuyinto wayengakabi emlandweni wesintu. isimo Huge ngokuphila iminyaka engu-70 ngaphansi kobuKhomanisi umnotho kuhlelwe ngemuva kwakudingekile ukuba uthuthele imodeli ophucukile emakethe. Ngo 1991-1992. alikho izwe emhlabeni ichithwa ukuhlolwa okungalindelekile ezinjalo. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili ushintsho efanayo Russian kwaqala ngo yePoland neCzechoslovakia, kodwa abazange zaletha imiphumela ebonakalayo, futhi yayikhona kuphela ngesimo uhlaka.

Ingqikithi yezinguquko Gaidar kwakungu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kwadingeka ukuba ngokoqobo abayizimpumputhe, ku ingozi yabo, usebenze emnothweni egulayo wezwe lakhe. Nokho, into namanje yathathwa kusukela comrades owayengumphathi wezimali ekamu sezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia idaliwe imisebenzi yesikhashana, by Isifaniso nge Isinqumo ku ukuhweba khulula ePoland. Lezi zinyathelo wasiza ukugcwalisa nezitebele zamahhashi emgwaqweni. Nokho, lezi zinguquko ziye kwadingeka izindleko zabo. ukuhweba okunjalo usezuze bobunjwa eziyinqaba - amadokodo entsha ebonakala kunezinxushunxushu futhi ngaphandle kokulawula.

kabusha kahulumeni kwezomnotho Gaidar (ushintsho kusuka sezenhlalo emnotfweni emakethe) waqala sekwephuzile. Empeleni, isikhathi lalahleka ngasekupheleni '80s, lapho izimpawu zokuqala sina nobukhulu bale nkinga. Soviet izinto zokusetshenziswa umnotho uye wakubona ukuba nomunyu falling amanani kawoyela, okwaholela emigqeni ezitolo kanye uhlelo ikhadi phambi kabusha Gaidar waqala. Igama "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka" wanikezwa ushintsho kufanele - uhlelo kwakumelwe avuselelwe endaweni eziphuthumayo.