Indiza kokulinganisa "Apollo-Soyuz". isikhala bavimba umlando indiza

Ukuhlola umkhathi - ukuthi iphupho, okuyinto oluthatha kwemicabango abantu abaningi amakhulu eminyaka. Ngalezo zinsuku akude lapho Abantu babebubona izinkanyezi namaplanethi, sithembele kuphela umbono wakhe, wayefuna ukwazi ukuthi harbor ongagcwali kwalasha abamnyama ebumnyameni isibhakabhaka phezulu. Amaphupho waqala zigcwaliseka maduzane.

Cishe zonke ehola isikhala amandla ngokushesha waqala uhlobo "izingalo uhlanga" lapha: ososayensi uzamile ukuthola ngaphambi nabo ngaphambi ziphetho nokuhlolwa kumadivayisi ahlukile ngoba ukuhlola umkhathi. Nokho, igebe wayesekhona: uhlelo "Apollo-Soyuz" kwakufanele abonise ubungane obabuphakathi eU.SSR USA, kanye isifiso abo ukuba sisebenzisane ukuze iholele abantu ukuba izinkanyezi.

Uhlolojikelele

igama esifushanisiwe zohlelo - the ASTP. Flying yaziwa ngokuthi "ukuxhawula emkhathini". Ngokuvamile, "Apollo-Soyuz" kwaba ngokugqamile indiza zokuhlola "Soyuz-19" kanye American "Apollo". Amalungu bomkhankaso kwadingeka banqobe izinkinga eziningi, ebaluleke kunayoyonke zazo ubekade iziteshi ezahlukene ngokuphelele nomklamo docking. Kodwa on the "ajenda" kwathiwa iboshiwe!

Empeleni kuwukuphila oxhumana ejwayelekile phakathi ososayensi amaSoviet nasemakamu zaseMelika zaqala phakathi nesikhathi ukwethulwa kwe-iziphuphutheki lokuqala yokufakelwa. Isivumelwano kwi ezivamile, ukuhlola obunokuthula emkhathini esayinwe 1962. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abacwaningi bakwazi ukwabelana imiphumela kwezinhlelo imibono embonini isikhala.

Umhlangano wokuqala ka abacwaningi

YiSoviet Union ne-United States okuqalwe ukusebenzisana kwakuyilawa: President of the Academy of Sciences (AN), lo odumile MV Keldysh, kanye nomqondisi National Aerospace Agency (emhlabeni eyaziwa ngokuthi NASA) Dr. Payne.

umhlangano Okokuqala amathimba-United States ne-Soviet Union senzeka ekupheleni kwekwindla 1970. Umsebenzi American oholwa Umqondisi we Centre ziphethwe Johnson Space Flight Dr. R. Gilruth. Ohlangothini Soviet ukuthi usihlalo walo uMkhandlu for the Study of International Space Administration (hlelo "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. Kwakuthinta ngokushesha kwakhiwa amaqembu ngokuhlanganyela ukusebenza, umsebenzi kabani main kwaba ukuxoxa kungenzeka ukusebenzelana emabandleni mkhathi kweSoviet futhi American.

Ngonyaka olandelayo, kakade e Houston, iye wahlela umhlangano entsha, eyayiholwa kakade sekusaziwa yithi B. N. Petrov futhi R. Gilruth. Amathimba ehlanganiswa izidingo eziyisisekelo nesakhiwo nezimpawu zokuhlela mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo, kanye esihlelwe ngokugcwele eziningana ezithinta izilinganiso izimiso ezisekela ukuphila. It ke baqala ukuxoxa kungenzeka mission ezikanye okwalandela docking amabutho nabasebenza.

Njengoba ubona, lolu hlelo "Soyuz-Apollo", owawungumnyaka weshumi ka ngokunqoba cosmonautics emhlabeni, wafuna izinto ngenkani ukubuyekeza we ndathane imithetho lobuchwepheshe nezombusazwe kanye neziqondiso.

Iziphetho mayelana zibheke izindiza ngokuhlanganyela bavimba

Ngo-1972, izinhlangothi amaSoviet nasemakamu American waphinda okuhleliwe umhlangano okwakubekelwa generalized futhi systematized wonke umsebenzi kwenziwa esikhathini esidlule. Isinqumo sokugcina mayelana sekufanele awushiye ka indiza ngokuhlanganyela bavimba wawumuhle for uhlelo aye akhethwa kakade imikhumbi ajwayelekile. Yavela kanjalo-ke iphrojekthi "Apollo-Soyuz".

Qala uhlelo

Kwaba ngoMeyi 1972. Isivumelwano mlando Isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi ezweni lethu futhi Melika, ukuhlinzeka lujula ngokuhlanganyela obunokuthula emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu ekugcineni wanquma ohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe mayelana nodaba indiza "Apollo-Soyuz". Lesi sikhathi Abanye kuleli thimba eliholwa ohlangothini laseSoviet Academician K. D. Bushuev zaseMelika emelelwa Dr. G. Lunney.

Phakathi nomhlangano, bona ezihlonzwe ne imigomo, ukuzuzwa okuzokwenziwa elalinikezelwe wonke umsebenzi okunye:

• ukulawula izinhlelo kwedivayisi yokuhlola ye ukuqaliswa Kuhlangana imikhumbi emkhathini.
• Ihlola e 'ensimini' nemibandela docking othomathikhi futhi mathupha.
• Ukuhlola kanye Tuning ubuchwepheshe, yakhelwe ukwenza osomkhathi yenguquko ukusuka umkhumbi athumele.
• Ekugcineni, ekuqongeleleni isipiliyoni kakhulu emkhakheni ngokuhlanganyela andize isikhala. Lapho "Soyuz-19" mkhathi iboshiwe ne "Apollo", izazi ziye wathola eziningi ulwazi oluyigugu, bajwayele kakhulu phakathi US Uhlelo enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

Ezinye izindawo umsebenzi

Ongoti, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayefuna ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka orientation Isikhala imikhumbi kakade iboshiwe, kanye ukuqhuba ukuzinza ukuhlolwa zokuxhumana ku imishini ezahlukene. Ekugcineni, kubalulekile ukwenza ukusebenzelana ukuhlolwa phakathi kweSoviet futhi American ukulawula umsebenzi izinhlelo.

Nakhu ukuthi ukuthuthukisa izenzakalo main ngesikhathi:

• Ekupheleni kuka-May 1975 sasiqhutshelwa umhlangano wokugcina ukukhuluma ngezinkinga yenhlangano abanye. idokhumenti yokugcina ukulungela okuphelele indiza isayinwe. Yayisayinwe: Academician VA Kotelnikov ohlangothini Soviet, amaMelika incwadi kuvunywe J. Lo .. Qalisa usuku belihlelelwe Julayi 15, 1975.
• Ngezinye ncamashi 15 amahora angaba mane nemizuzu engu-20 kusukela ama-Baikonur cosmodrome wethulwa ngempumelelo namaSoviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" uzoqala ngosizo esiphathiswa rocket "Saturn-1B". Isikhathi - 22 amahora angaba mane nemizuzu engu-50. Esizoqala - Cape Canaveral.
• Through ezinsukwini ezimbili emva kokuphothulwa wonke umsebenzi wokulungiselela, ema-awa 19 emaminithi 12 "Soyuz-19" iboshiwe. Ngo-1975 wavula enkathini entsha ukuhlola umkhathi.
• Uqinisile ezimbili ematfuba "Union" ka -orbit eMhlabeni, i-docking entsha "Soyuz-Apollo" kwenziwa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho landizela esimweni ematfuba ezimbili. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, idivayisi ohlakaziwe ngokuphelele, usuqede isimiso sesifundo.

Ngokuvamile, kwaba isikhathi indiza imi kanje:

• NamaSoviet "Soyuz 19" eyaba orbit izinsuku 5, 22 amahora angaba mane nemizuzu engu-31.
• "Apollo" eyaba indiza izinsuku 9, li-1 namaminithi 28.
• Esikhathini isimo oluhambisana lwemikhumbi olwenziwa ncamashi 46 amahora nemizuzu 36.

nabasebenza

Futhi manje yisikhathi kokukhumbula amagama zezisebenzi lwemikhumbi American nawaseSoviet, okuyinto wakunqoba eziningi nobunzima, bakwazi ukufaka loluhlelo ngokuphelele zonke izigaba lolu hlelo ebaluleke isikhala.

nezisebenzi baseMelika abangaphezu:

• Thomas Stafford. American nezisebenzi nomyali. Usomkhathi abanolwazi, indiza lesine.
• Vens Brand. Yena okuzoqondiswa module umyalo, ngendiza yokuqala.
• Donald Slayton. Nguye esasiphethe docking operation wemfanelo, kwaba futhi indiza yakhe yokuqala.

Isakhiwo nezisebenzi Soviet yayihlanganisa osomkhathi ezilandelayo:

• Alexei Leonov kwaba umkhuzi webutho.
• Valery Kubasov kwaba ugibelile unjiniyela.

kakade Bobabili Cosmonauts Soviet bebelokhu orbit kanye, ukuze indiza "Soyuz-Apollo" waba ngowesibili ngabo.

Yini ucwaningo ziye eyenziwa ngokuhamba indiza ngokuhlanganyela?

• Ukuhlolwa lwenziwe, sifaka ekutadisheni ukusitheka kwelanga: "Apollo" ivale ukukhanya, kuyilapho ngesikhathi "Union" cwaningo futhi uchaze imiphumela ezisuka kusukela lokhu.
• UV ukumuncwa wahlolwa lapho namakalishi okuqukethwe elinganisiwe umoya-mpilo-atomic nitrogen emzileni iplanethi.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaba ucwaningo eziningana lapho abacwaningi ihlolwe indlela weightlessness, ukungabi kwamandla kazibuthe kanye nezinye izimo isikhala kuthinte ukugeleza isigqi yemvelo.
• Ukuze microbiologists isithakazelo esikhulu esenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene isifundo esiphathelene ukudluliselwa hlelo lokukhuthazana nezilwanyana ezincane ngaphansi kwezimo isisindo phakathi izimoto ezimbili (nge esiteshini docking).
• Ekugcineni, indiza "Soyuz-Apollo" ukuvumele ukufunda izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini metallic futhi Semiconductor izinto ezimweni ezithile ezinjalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "Ubaba" zalesi sokutadisha isibe owaziwa phakathi metallurgists K. P. Gurov, ngubani ezihlongozwayo ukubamba lezi imisebenzi.

Eminye imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhumbi US njengoba igesi ukuphefumula, umoya-mpilo okumsulwa, ngesikhathi umkhumbi wasemakhishini emkhathini, ukubunjwa yayo efanayo ukuthi Zomhlaba. Ngakho, ushintsho ngqo komunye imoto kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngokucacile ukuxazulula le nkinga inguquko egunjini elikhethekile wethulwa ngokuhlanganyela umkhumbi American.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kamuva amaMelika bakusebenzisa lokhu isikhathi yokusebenza uma udala module yabo egcwele. Lapho kushintshwa ingcindezi kule "Apollo" kancane waphakamisa, futhi "inyunyana" Ngokuphambene, azehlise ngenkathi ukhulisa okuqukethwe oxygen ingxube zokuphefumula kuya 40%. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu nethuba babe module zesikhashana (ngaphambi kokungena umkhumbi alien) hhayi amahora ayisishiyagalombili, futhi imizuzu engu-30 kuphela.

By endleleni, uma unentshisekelo kule ndaba, vakashela i-Museum of Cosmonautics eMoscow. Kukhona le timu lunikezelwe sokumelela omkhulu.

Jikelele Umlando inabasebenzi Space Flight

Lesi sihloko akusho ethinta phezu umlando andize isikhala. Uhlelo lonke ezichazwe ngenhla kwakungenakwenzeka ngokomthetho, uma kungekhona pre-ukuthuthukiswa kulo mkhakha, isipiliyoni eliye zanqwabelana amashumi eminyaka. Ubani "kwavula indlela", sibonga kubani okwenziwa kube nokwenzeka spaceflight bavimba?

Njengoba wazi, April 12, 1961, i-kwenzeka ukuthi kwadingeka anencazelo ngempela emhlabeni wonke. Ngalolo suku, yathumba Yuri Gagarin indiza bavimba ababegibele "Vostok" yilona lokuqala emlandweni wonke.

Izwe lesibili oye eyenziwa efanayo, baba e-United States. mkhathi yabo "Mercury-Redstone 3", okuzoqondiswa ngu-Alan Shepard, wethulwa ku-orbit kamuva ngenyanga, 5 Meyi 1961. Ngo-February, owethulwe kusukela Cape Canaveral kakade "Mercury-Atlas 6" bephethe Dzhon Glenn.

Amarekhodi lokuqala nokufeza

ngemva Gagarin kweminyaka emibili yokuqala ngendiza isikhala wesifazane. Kwaba khona uValentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Yena landizela kuphela emkhunjini "Vostok-6". Ukwethulwa senziwa Juni 16, 1963. EMelika, ummeleli lokuqala ubulili bubuhle, owayevakashela emzileni, Salli Rayd baba. Wayengumngane sesisebenza okuxubile, okuyinto landizela ngo-1983.

Kakade Mashi 18, 1965 lwaphuka elinye irekhodi: esikhaleni kwesokunxele Alexei Leonov. Owesifazane wokuqala, owayesesimweni evulekile, isibe Svetlana Savitskaya, ngubani lwenteke ke ngo-1984. Qaphela ukuthi okwamanje abesifazane afakiwe zonke ngothi we-ISS nabasebenza, njengoba lonke ulwazi olufanele phezu physiology umzimba female zathathwa emkhathini futhi osomkhathi ngoba impilo akuyona kusongelwa.

Ukundiza elide kakhulu

Kuze kube namuhla, le spaceflight omude kunayo yonke olulodwa kubhekwe ukuhlala 437-ngobusuku emzileni Cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. Wahlala abagibele "Ukuthula" kusukela ngo-January 1994 kuya ku-March 1995. Irekhodi ngoba iqoqo ezivamile izinsuku wachitha zanda emkhathini, futhi, kungokwalabo Cosmonaut yasekhaya - uSergei Krikalev.

Uma sikhuluma indiza iqembu, mayelana 364 izinsuku flying Cosmonauts futhi osomkhathi kusukela ngo-September 1989 kuya ku-August 1999. Njengoba liye kungase kutholakale ukuthi umuntu wayengahamba kwakuthiwa ukusinda futhi ndizela Mars. Manje abacwaningi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezifo inkinga ukuhambisana ngokwengqondo crew.

Ulwazi umlando indiza-mkhathi

Kuze kube manje, lizwe kuphela ukuthi unesikhathi ucishe yimpumelelo yokusebenza isipiliyoni isikhala esebenza Shuttle uchungechunge "okomkhathi" kuyinto e-United States. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba mkhathi salolu chungechunge, "Columbia" ezenzeka ngemva ncamashi engamashumi amabili emva indiza Gagarin sika, April 12, 1981. EU.SSR lokuqala nesikhathi kuphela umkhankaso "Buran" ngo-1988. Lokho indiza uhlukile yokuthi senzeka Imodi okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele, nakuba kungenzeka futhi inhlukano ukuzanywa.

Lo mbukiso, elibonisa yonke indaba "kweSoviet mkhathi", kubonisa Space Museum e Moscow. We ukweluleka kwakhe ukuvakashela njengoba kunezinto eziningi kangaka ezithakazelisayo!

I-orbit eliphakeme engxenyeni yalo eliphakeme ifinyelela ukudlula 1374 amakhilomitha, ke selifinyelelwe nezisebenzi American abagibele "Gemini 11". Kwathi emuva ngo-1966. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "shuttles" avame ukusetshenziswa ukukhanda kanye nokugcinwa "Hubble" isibonakude, lapho enze ukuthula eyinkimbinkimbi bavimba endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-600 amakhilomitha. Kaningi, ukundiza orbit mkhathi kuyinto endaweni engamamitha 200-300 amakhilomitha.

Qaphela ukuthi ngokushesha ngemuva ekusebenzeni "shuttles" ISS orbit kancane kancane ephakanyiswe ukuphakama amakhilomitha angu-400. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-shuttles bakwazi ukukhiqiza i iqhinga ngempumelelo endaweni engamamitha angu-300 ukusuka kuphela, kodwa esiteshini ngokwayo eziphakeme abangu asihambisani kahle ngenxa high density isikhala ezungeze (ezindinganisweni isikhala, vele).

ukuthi izindiza eyenziwa ngale orbit eMhlabeni?

Beyond nomjikelezo woMhlaba landizela kuphela baseMelika uma wenziwa "Apollo" Izinjongo hlelo. Mkhathi ngo-1968 orbited inyanga. Qaphela ukuthi kusukela ngo-July 16, 1969, abantu baseMelika kwenziwe uhlelo lwabo ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, ngesikhathi ngawo eyenziwa "enyangeni kwe". Ekupheleni kuka-1972, lolu hlelo lube ikhishiwe, labo ababebanga ukuba intukuthelo American hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ososayensi Soviet ngubani Wayezwelana nozakwabo.

Qaphela ukuthi eU.SSR kwakukhona izinhlelo eziningi ezifanayo. Naphezu ekupheleni cishe egcwele eziningi zalezi "ezinhle" ukuqaliswa yabo ungazange utholiwe.

Okunye "isikhala" yezwe

China baba wesithathu amandla isikhala. Kwathi ngo-October 15, 2003, lapho umkhumbi "Shenzhou-5" udedelwe bomkhathi isikhala. Ngokuvamile, uhlelo Chinese isikhala sihlehlela emuva 70s kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa ke konke izindiza kuhlelwe kwakungenziwanga uzibophezele.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo izinyathelo zabo kulesi siqondiso esenziwa baseYurophu kanye Japanese. Kodwa imiklamo yabo ukuthuthukisa esebenza mkhathi bavimba kwavinjwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa yentuthuko, ngokuthi iSoviet-Russian "Soyuz" kwaba lula, ephephile futhi ashibhile, okuholela nangqondo kwezomnotho isebenza.

Isikhala ezokuvakasha kanye "isikhala yangasese"

Kusukela ngonyaka ka-1978, emikhunjini bese iziteshi wase-USSR / Russian Federation ne-United States is flying osomkhathi kusuka emazweni amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, muva kuragela okuthiwa "isikhala ezokuvakasha" lapho evamile (engajwayelekile amathuba zezimali) umuntu ungavakashela ISS. Esikhathini esidlule yamuva ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo ezifanayo wabuye wathi China.

Kodwa injabulo yangempela okubangelwa Uhlelo Ansari X-Prize, okuyinto wethulwa 1996. Ngu nemigomo yalo edingekayo ukuthi inkampani yangasese (ngaphandle ukwesekwa uhulumeni) wakwazi ukukhulisa (double) ukuphakama amakhilomitha 100 emkhunjini eneqembu abantu abathathu kuze kube sekupheleni 2004. Umklomelo kwaba ezingaphezu kuka ehloniphekayo - 10 ama-dollar ayisigidi. izinkampani zokuhlola ezingu kanye nabantu ngisho yangasese ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi yabo.

Yaqala kanjalo-ke umlando entsha Astronautics, lapho "owathola" ngendawo yonke kungaba kwakuthiwa abe yimuphi umuntu.

I impumelelo lokuqala "privateers"

Kusukela kumadivayisi akhiwa kubo abazange baye isikhala ngempela, izindleko edingekayo kaningi ezincane. Eyokuqala umkhumbi yangasese SpaceShipOne wethulwa ekuqaleni kwehlobo 2004. Wadala Inhlanganisela yakhe inkampani okukaliwe.

Umumo umhlangano "imibono zungu"

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaphrojekthi amaningi (cishe konke jikelele) esekelwe hhayi enye intuthuko ye "okuyigugu" yangasese, futhi umsebenzi V-2 kanye namaSoviet "Buran", yonke imibhalo lapho ngemva 90s " ngokungazelelwe "wazithola litholakale emphakathini phesheya. Abanye labo abanamathela sibambe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma baphikisa ngokuthi eU.SSR eyenziwa (wangaphumelela) ukwethulwa yokuqala bavimba imigwaqo emuva lé ngawo-1957-1959.

Kukhona futhi imibiko ezingaqinisekisiwe ukuthi amaNazi athuthukiswe 40s amaphrojekthi yezikhali ezicitshwayo InterContinental ngokuba ukuhlaselwa American. Rumour has it ukuthi abanye abashayeli phezu ukuhlolwa zakwazi zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha amakhilomitha 100, okwenza nabo (uma kukhona) we Cosmonaut kuqala.

"Umhlaba" Inkathi

Kuze kube manje, umlando ukuhlola umkhathi izitolo ulwazi eSoviet-Russian "Mir" esiteshini, owawungumnyaka ngempela into eyingqayizivele. ukwakhiwa kwalo ngokugcwele iphele kuze 26 Apreli 1996. Khona-ke esiteshini isananyathiselwe okwesihlanu, module zokugcina esikuvumela baqhuba izifundo eziyinkimbinkimbi wezilwandle, le ezilwandle kanye nasemahlathini eMhlabeni.

On the "Mir" esemkhathini wayeneminyaka engamashumi 14.5, okuyinto izikhathi eziningana mkhulu kunezinhliziyo kwempilo okuhleliwe. Phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi kuphela imishini yesayensi engaphezu kwengu-11 wamathani sindise him, ososayensi baye baqhuba amashumi ezinkulungwane ucwaningo esiyingqayizivele, ezinye zazo kusengaphambili ukuthuthukiswa isayensi emhlabeni kubo bonke emashumini eminyaka alandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zezinkanyezi kanye osomkhathi eyenziwa kusukela EVAs esiteshini 75, isikhathi Imininingwane izinsuku ezingu-15.

Umlando ISS

Ngo ukwakhiwa -International Space Station esuka emazweni 16 iqhaza. Uneqhaza elikhulu ukuze indalo yayo etshaliwe Russia, e-Europe (Germany neFrance), kanye ochwepheshe American. Lesi sakhiwo yenzelwe kweminyaka engu-15 benethuba sokuvuselela.

Eyokuqala umsebenzi yesikhathi eside ukuze ISS wethulwa ngasekupheleni kukaMfumfu 2000. Amalungu ayo ibhodi wazivakashela kakade 42 eside ohambweni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo mkhankaso 13 kuya esiteshini efika astronaut Brazilian Marcos Pontes, owokuqala emhlabeni. Yena kuqede ngempumelelo konke umsebenzi senzelwe kuye, wabuyela Earth njengengxenye amalungu mission 12.

Yileyo indlela umlando senziwa spaceflight. Kwakukhona okuningi okwatholwa ukunqoba, abanye baye badela ukuphila kwabo isintu ukuba owake ukwazile ushayele isikhala endlini yakhe. Omunye nje ukuba impucuko yethu izoqhubeka ucwaningo kule ndawo, futhi uma silindele ikoloni amaplanethi eseduze.