Kuyini antigen? Amasosha Omzimba futhi antigen

Emzimbeni, ukubonakaliswa ukuzivikela komzimba futhi omzimba uxhumana antigen. Nokho, ebujameni obuthileko wesibili bangase ephumelela ukwenza isimo okuthiwa ngokungacabangi ethize - ukubekezelelana. Amasosha Omzimba futhi antigen nesandla ekwakhekeni inkumbulo immunological. Ngokulandelako, cabangela uhlobo izinto yesibili. Kulesi sihloko siyathola ukuthi antigen.

Uhlolojikelele

Kuyini antigen? Kalula nje, yingoba ngokuvamile compounds angaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa acid nucleic, polysaccharides, amaprotheni izakhiwo zabo. Uma uguqula ngu chemical ukuguqulwa of polymers zemvelo ingalungiswa "conjugated" izidakamizwa. compounds ezinjalo zingase zimiswe ngesisekelo amaprotheni ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu ngqo umamukeli. izidakamizwa autologous denatured esebenzisa amakhemikhali noma ngokomzimba, ungase futhi ukuguqulelwa i antigen.

definition

I biopolymers umzimba noma zokwenziwa analogue yalo akwazi ukungena uyakwazi yasabela amasosha omzimba. Lezi zinto zehlela kukhona okuthiwa antigen. Isiza ukuthuthukiswa effector amaseli imvelo thymic. Vela on isizinda omzimba amasosha omzimba aqale ukuze uxhumane antigen athile noma zamakhemikhali kokuba isakhiwo efanayo. Uma bengakuqondi avuse impendulo zokuzivikela, bebizwa haptens. Bephambana ukubekezelelana immunological. Ikhono ntombazane impendulo zokuzivikela kukhona polypeptides zokwenziwa esebenza njenge amaprotheni antigen. Nokho, ngokuzikhethela isakhiwo eyinhloko futhi ngekwendzawo Kufanele kube okufanayo olwanoma imuphi ikakhulukazi amaprotheni kwakwakhe. A abalulekile isici ukubonisa izakhiwo antigenic yalezi izinto liqukethe kumiswa isakhiwo kwezendawo yokubeka. Kule ndaba, polymers kwakhiwa komunye acid acid (homopolymers) akanawo izindawo yasabela amasosha omzimba. I polypeptides antigenic unekhono avele, ukwakheka behileleka okuyiqembu 2-amino acid.

imibuzo yocwaningo

Kuyini antigen? kwezokugoma Classical ubiza yalolu ketshezi lonke cell sesilwane noma imvelaphi virus. Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono. Okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, ukuthi kuyinto antigen ngayinye se. Leli akulona iseli lapho kukhona inani elikhulu acid nucleic, amaphrotheni, polysaccharides. antigen womuntu etholwe ifomu sebehlanjululwe ingasetshenziswa ntombazane amasosha omzimba. Ngakho-ke kuzoba okwesikhathi biopolymer ethile. Uma ucabangela isakhiwo antigen nahlanza e umuntu, noma yimuphi inhlanganisela yako kufanele ahlathululwe njengomkhaya compounds ethize. Leli gama lingasetshenziswa lapho ebhekisela ezinhlekeleleni angesabi aggregating biopolymer ezithile. Izibonelo antigen athile amagciwane noma amagciwane. Ngakho, contractile amaprotheni flagella Gram nezilwanyana ezincane omubi flagellin uhlobo lwe-Salmonella kungatholakala kokubili polymerized futhi ifomu monomeric. Futhi kuzo zombili izindawo la antigen kungase ntombazane kumiswa amasosha omzimba, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimo salokhu zihlukile. Ikakhulu, i-timusonezavisim polymer fellagelina futhi monomer - timusozavisim.

Ukuxhumana nge isisindo yamangqamuzana

Yifake kungenziwa kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nye ikilasi izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, libhekisela ohlangeni amaprotheni ahlukahlukene ukuba izakhiwo efanayo nemayunivesithi: fibrillar futhi globular. Ezimweni ezinjalo kungenzeka ukwakha ubuhlobo okuqondile phakathi ikhono polymer ntombazane kumiswa amasosha omzimba kanye nesisindo kwama-molecule ayo. Nokho, lesi sibonelo, akuyona ngokuphelele. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lokho kuncike nezinye izakhiwo kwakwakhe, kokubili zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo.

I degree of okubonakalisa izakhiwo

NoBukhulu izici antigenic we amaprotheni okuyinto senze njengoba ikilasi ebanzi kakhulu futhi okunenjongo kuzoncika degree of ibanga obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni donor kusukela lapho kwakwakhe etholwe, futhi umemukeli ubani iqondiswa. Lungile Luhlatiyo kuyoba kuphela icala uma kubuya uhlobo olufanayo elisetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda ketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma serum albumin rat futhi abantu ukugonywa amagundane, kwi impendulo kuqala kuyoba evelele. Uma biopolymer libhekene ukuzwela lakhuphuka lafika ku-cleavage, izakhiwo zalo buzoba buncane evelele kunalokho into bembonisa nenkani hydrolysis enzymatic. Ngakho, endabeni ukusetshenziswa polypeptides zokwenziwa noma amaprotheni conjugates njengoba antigen, evelele kuyoba impendulo into lapho Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa acid okungezona zemvelo D-acid. I indzima lebalulekile ukubonakaliswa ukuzivikela komzimba kunikezwa genotype umamukeli.

iqembu determinant

Lezi iziza abonisa biopolymer yamangqamuzana, a Analogue zokwenziwa yalo, noma antigen conjugated ukuthi abaqashelwa B lymphocyte receptor antigen-ngibopha futhi amasosha omzimba. I-molecule ngokuvamile samanje amaqembu determinant eziningana ezahlukene isakhiwo. Ngamunye wabo angaba liphindwe izikhathi eziningana. Uma kwakwakhe engqamuzaneni kuphela iqembu elilodwa kukhona isakhiwo ethile, ukwakheka amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nalo ngeke kwenzeke. Ngo inqubo okwandisa izinhlelo ezifanayo luyokhula futhi ukuzivikela komzimba kubo. Nokho, le nqubo uzoya iphuzu elithile, ngemva kwalokho-ke izoyenqaba futhi kungenzeka ngokuphelele kungabukwa kwalokho. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa iye uphenyo ngokusebenzisa antigen conjugated nge substituents ahlukahlukene, enza determinant umsebenzi iqembu. Ukungabikho amasosha omzimba ukuba biopolymers nge high epitope kwabantu kungenxa mshini kusebenze lymphocyte eqenjini.

antigen Carcinoembryonic

Ungomunye izinhlobonhlobo amaprotheni kwezicubu evamile, okuyinto abantu enempilo ikhiqizwa nomqulu omncane ezinye izidumbu amaseli. Cea ku isakhiwo sabo kumakhemikhali kwakwakhe carbohydrate kanye amaprotheni. ukumiswa kwakhe abadala alwaziwa. Nokho, ngesikhathi ifomu fetus ke ngempela uye wakwenza kwemiqondo izitho wokugaya ukudla, kuyilapho ukuhlangana umsebenzi obalulekile ngokwanele. Basitshela ukuthi kushukumisa weseli division. antigen Carcinoembryonic zitholiwe izicubu ngokweqile, izitho zokugaya, kodwa izinto eziningi ngokwanele encane. Isihloko umaka isimila ngokwengxenye ephawula yimvelo yemvelo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke izakhiwo okuyizinto zenani elikhulu kulolu cwaningo laboratory. Igama elithi "umbungu" ixhunyiwe nezinselele bokuphila phakathi ukuthuthukiswa esikhathini okufanele kwangaphambi kokubeletha, "antigen" kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlonza eziwuketshezi yayo begazi usebenzisa immunochemical indlela esibophezelayo. Kulokhu, ngqo emzimbeni, awusebenzi ngibonise noma yikuphi ukulangazelela izakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, ngendlela umzimba uphilile Cea lokuhlushwa ngokwanele ongaphakeme. Against isizinda inqubo umdlavuza ezingeni layo inyuka ngempela ngokucijile, lafinyelela ukusebenza kahle esikhulu. Kule ndaba, it libhekene njengendlela marker izicubu of pathologies oncological, noma isimila umaka.

Cea

Ukuhlaziya antigen isicelo sitholakele komdlavuza ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulu umdlavuza ingemuva kanye ikholoni. Ucwaningo kwenziwe kusaqalwa pathologies ekweluseni inkambo isifo kanye nokuqapha nekusebenta ezelaphayo. Against isizinda ikholoni nomdlavuza ingemuva test kuyahluka sensitivity high. It ivumela ukuba sisisebenzise uphethwe eyinhloko. Ngemva kokuhlinzwa ngempumelelo ukususa yonke isimila nezicubu lokuhlushwa Cea ayibhampise emuva esiphezulu ezinyangeni ezimbili. ukuhlolwa ejwayelekile kamuva ukuvumela ukuhlolwa isimo lesiguli emuva kokuthola ukwelashwa. Ukuthola amazinga aphezulu Cea ivumela ukuhlonza esifike isifo yansukuzonke. Ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe antigen ngesikhathi yokwelapha ochwepheshe ukuphetha mayelana nokusebenza kahle imiphumela zokwelapha.

Ukwandisa lokuhlushwa Cea: pathologies isukela

Nokho, ukuhlolwa akubhekwa for izimila ngokuphelele ethize. Ukwandisa ezingeni Cea kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngokumelene isizinda izifo ezihlukahlukene izibilini nemvelo ukuvuvukala nezinye. Ngo 20-50% eziguli pathologies ingozi amanyikwe, amathumbu, amaphaphu isibindi ukwanda antigen lokuhlushwa kancane. Okufanayo baphawula phezu isizinda ngokoma kwesibindi, ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo okungamahlalakhona, izilonda emathunjini,-cystic fibrosis, emphysema, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, isifo Crohn, pancreatitis, inyumoniya, izifo sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba, isifo sofuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga ukwanda kungase kungabi isifo okunemibandela, futhi, isibonelo, lapho engayitholi njalo utshwala noma ukubhema.

Izici Kokumpontshelwa Kwegazi

The main wabo ngqo futhi ubuntu possessed erythrocyte antigen. Lapho ukungavumelani biopolymers umemukeli bese donor ukumpontshelwa igazi akuvunyelwe nakancane. Kungenjalo ngenakugwemeka izinqubo sokugembula ngisho nokufa isiguli. I immunogenetics ukuhlolwa nokutadisha abomvu egazi antigen usebenzisa izindlela ukuhlolwa serological. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa hemolysis ukuphendula, kwezulu, agglutination. Erythrocyte izakhi zofuzo amelwe ngendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi biopolymer macromolecules. Zinqwabelanisa ku stroma (igobolondo) futhi uxhumeke kwi-namanye amangqamuzana zezakhi. Ngayinye uhlamvu ekhethekile yomuntu amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo yayo.