Kugucuka Radioactive ka nuclei-athomu: umlando ngenkathi owatholakala ngayo, izinhlobo ezinkulu kugucuka

Ukutholakala isakhiwo nucleus yama-athomu waba ngomunye wabangu-izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi yesimanje ngokomzimba. Ososayensi baye bafinyelela iziphetho ilungelo mayelana isakhiwo izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Futhi ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu wavula neminye imithetho - ngokwesibonelo, imithetho motion microparticles, kanye izici ekuguquleni nuclei athomu, okuyinto zenzeka phakathi kwamazinyo enemisebe.

ucwaningo Rutherford

Ngokokuqala ngqá kugucuka enemisebe ka nuclei-athomu besifunda isiNgisi wamazwe uRutherford. Ngisho ke kwaba sobala ukuthi mass main ye-athomu ewela ekujuleni, ngoba ama-electron kuyinto abaningi kayikhulu alula kakhulu kunomoya nucleons. Ukuze siphenye, ubhekene necala omuhle ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus, 1906 godu uRutherford aphakanyisiwe ukuhlola athomu abathola usebenzisa i-alpha izinhlayiya. izinhlayiya okunjalo akhiqizwa ukubola Radium, kanye nezinye izinto ezithile. Phakathi ucwaningo yakhe, uRutherford ithole umqondo isakhiwo ye-athomu, esanikwa isikhulu igama "imodeli kwamaplanethi".

Kokuma lokuqala radioactivity

Ngo-1985 Umhloli wamazwe oyiNgisi uWilliam Ramsay, ngubani ngoba lokho akuthola igesi argon ezaziwayo, wenza ukutholakala ezithakazelisayo. I amaminerali ngokuthi cleveite wathola igesi helium. Ngemva kwalokho, inani elikhulu helium liye latholakala nakwezinye amaminerali, kodwa yilabo kuphela okuyinto zihlanganisa cindezela kanye nokwe-uranium.

Umcwaningi, kwakubonakala engajwayelekile: indlela kungathatha amaminerali igesi? Kodwa lapho 'uRutherford wabe eseqala ukutadisha ubunjalo imisebe, kwatholakala ukuthi helium iwumkhiqizo zokuwohloka enemisebe. Ezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali "ukukhiqiza" nezinye, kanye izakhiwo ezintsha ngokuphelele. Leli qiniso iyaphikisana zonke isipiliyoni yangaphambilini ye bamakhemikhali isikhathi.

Okubukwa Frederick Soddy

Bekanye uRutherford ezifundweni iqhaza ngqo usosayensi Frederick Soddy. Wayengumuntu wemithi, futhi ngoba wonke umsebenzi wakhe kwenziwe maqondana ukuhlonza izakhi zamakhemikhali ngokuvumelana nezici zabo. Empeleni, ukuguqulwa enemisebe nuclei-athomu abangu yokuqala eyabonwa Soddy. Wakwazi ukuthola yiziphi izinhlayiya-alpha eyayisetshenziswa ucwaningo yakhe, uRutherford. Buciko izilinganiso, ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-mass eyodwa-alpha kuyizinhlayiyana 4-athomu mass amayunithi. Njengoba zanqwabelana inombolo ethile-alpha izinhlayiya, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi babé kwenziwe into entsha - helium. I izakhiwo le gesi babaziwa kahle Soddy. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa i-alpha-izinhlayiya bakwazi wasithatha electron futhi babe ngaphandle kokungathathi hlangothi ama-athomu helium.

Izinguquko ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu

ucwaningo Okwalandela wagxila ukuhlonza izici nucleus yama-athomu. Izazi zesayensi ziye zafunda ukuthi zonke kugucuka azisenzeki electrons noma electron igobolondo, kodwa ngokuqondile nuclei ngokwabo. Lokho ukuguqulwa nuclei enemisebe lula ukuguqulwa ezinye izinto. Khona-ke izici ngaphezulu lezi zinguquko ababezidlulela ososayensi. Kodwa kwakusobala into eyodwa: yi zabo, ngandlela-thile, izakhi ezintsha kumakhemikhali.

Ngokokuqala ngqá neketanga ezinjalo metamorphoses, ososayensi bakwazi ukulandelela inqubo ukuguqulwa of Radium ku Radon. Ukusabela eziletha ukuphenduka okunjalo, ephelezelwa abacwaningi ekhethekile emisebeni ngokuthi zenuzi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke lezi izinqubo ukuthatha indawo ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu, ososayensi baqala ukuphenya, kanye nezinye izinto, hhayi Radium kuphela.

Vula izinhlobo emisebeni

isiyalo Basic, okungase kudinge izimpendulo zale mibuzo - kungcono physics (Libanga 9). kugucuka Radioactive ka nuclei-athomu bayingxenye yawo. Through ucwaningo uranium eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini emisebeni ku, 'uRutherford bathola izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkinobho ngemisebe noma kugucuka enemisebe. Ngaphansi angena uhlobo-alpha emisebeni okuthiwa. Kamuva yaphinde kucwaningwe beta ngemisebe. Willard ensimini Gamma-emisebeni yaqale wafunda e-1900. Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi lo mkhuba radioactivity elihlobene ne ukubola nuclei athomu. Ngakho, nezindleko igalelo ku isinqumo kuze kube sesikhathini kuhanjiswa kwe-athomu angaphumi njengenhlangano kuyizinhlayiyana indivisible.

kugucuka Radioactive ka nuclei-athomu: izinhlobo ezinkulu

Manje-ke kubhekwa ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu kugucuka phakathi kwamazinyo enemisebe:-alpha kwamazinyo, ukuwohloka beta, electron bamba, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-K-bamba. Lapho-alpha kwamazinyo is asebenza ezintweni ezivela kuyi-nucleus ye-kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha, okuyinto i-nucleus ye-athomu ye-helium. ngaleyo ndlela Ngokusobala nucleus enemisebe ibe eyodwa okuyinto engaphansi kagesi. Alpha kwamazinyo kuyinto izinto eyinqaba ibekwe wokugcina ishadi lesikhathi. kwamazinyo Beta futhi kufakwe ukuguqulwa enemisebe ka nuclei athomu. Ukubunjwa nucleus yama-athomu kuleli hlobo futhi sishintsha: nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa neutrinos noma antineutrinos futhi electron futhi positrons.

Lolu hlobo kwamazinyo kuhambisana emfushane-wavelength emisebeni kagesi. Lapho bamba ngogesi i-nucleus yama-athomu ubamba elinye abakhulu electron. Kulokhu, i-nucleus beryllium ungavula ku-nucleus lithium. Lolu hlobo latholakala 1938 by physics eMelika Alvarez umndeni, naye wafunda kugucuka enemisebe ka nuclei athomu. Izithombe lapho abacwaningi baye bazama uthwebule lezi izinqubo aqukethe isithombe, efana ifu esilufifi, ngenxa ukolweni omncane izinhlayiya ngaphansi cwaningo.