I ulwelwesi cell akusilo elilodwa? Sakhiwo umsebenzi cell ulwelwesi

Ngu nadmembrannym izakhiwo plant cells, isikhunta futhi abanye amagciwane osebenza isakhiwo ezifana lolu donga lwabo. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya isakhiwo odongeni iseli ngamaqembu ahlukene eziphilayo, futhi ucaciswa imisebenzi ke wenza. Njengoba yaziwa, le ngxenye elaqala ukutholwa yi usosayensi oyiNgisi Robert uHooke ekhulwini le-17. Phawula futhi ukuthi ulwelwesi cell engekho e izilwane owumphumela, futhi izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kusukela coelenterates ziphethe ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo: inhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Kungani uyidinga

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali ukwakheka odongeni fungal, izitshalo kanye drobyanok kuyahlukahluka, cell ulwelwesi umsebenzi ayefana kakhulu. Okokuqala, kubalulekile lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela cytoplasm futhi organelles yayo kusukela ekulinyazweni yizici zemvelo.

Okulandelayo: nadmembranny eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyinto okuthembekile ukwesekwa oxhumana futhi inikeza amandla emisipheni izitshalo kanye isikhunta. Ngezansi sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe indlela isakhiwo igobolondo kuhlobene ne imisebenzi ukuthi wenza.

Izici odongeni cell izitshalo

Lesi sakhiwo in plant eziphilayo siqukethe ngokuyisisekelo ka-polymer okuqondene ekilasini polysaccharides - cellulose. ifomula kwama-molecule ayo kuyafana ukuthi we isitashi yemifino (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n.} Macromolecules ka polysaccharide aqukethe izinsalela we-beta-glucose, bese ube kuphela isakhiwo yomugqa, ukuze bakwazi akha imicu, eqoqwe ku izinyanda. Bakha eyizingqabavu Uhlaka cell udonga -depth e matrix colloidal, okuyinto waqamba ikakhulukazi carbohydrate - hemicelluloses futhi pectin. Futhi, i-cellulose ngokuvamile zitholakala kwezinye izingxenye zezitshalo, isib, ukotini fiber 99% aqukethe cellulose okumsulwa, Ifilakisi Hemp aqukethe it in an inani 75-80% kwezinkuni - kuze kufinyelele 55%. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umsebenzi cell ulwelwesi zibangelwa izinto eziphilayo ukuze izicubu okuyinto lingena.

Ngaphandle cellulose odongeni inamaprotheni, lipids futhi izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindongeni cell izitshalo ephakeme spore - horsetails - zihlanganisa Silicon dioxide, ngakho lesi sitshalo ngokwayo esiqinile kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside futhi isilwane engenakudliwa ngobubi bawo. Omunye izingqimba obumba isiqu sama izitshalo zisetshenziswa futhi ngokuthi ngesivalo, aqoqana amagobolondo izidakamizwa amafutha-like - suberin. Ngenxa yalokho, i-cytoplasm futhi organelles yayo iba yingxenye yomhlabathi kanye namaseli qobo ongenza umsebenzi asekelayo kuphela (stem oprobkovevanie).

Uma phakathi cellulose Imicu yotshani buthelela lignin, hemicellulose kanye ithuthukisa amandla mechanical umoba neziqu ezithathwe ezinhlotsheni ezingu-bok, futhi eba nezakhi zombala ezenza eziqukethwe lignin, imbangela coloration ugodo. Udonga futhi imbandakanya ikhule ezimbotsheni uphahlwe ulwelwesi, okunikeza ezokuthutha izidakamizwa.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi cell ulwelwesi isikhunta

Abameleli amaqembu ahlukahlukene isikhunta isisekelo kunodonga chitin - a polysaccharide, okuyinto itholakala futhi lwamathambo elingaphandle eyisinambuzane futhi kwezinye amagciwane. Nadmembrannye izakhiwo isikhunta futhi aqukethe cellulose futhi isilwane isitashi - glycogen. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali odongeni imvubelo iseli umelwe ikakhulukazi carbohydrate - glucan futhi mannan. Wall uqobo kuzo anele futhi ayiqondakali kugaywe e pheshana emathunjini kwezilwane, ngakho umsoco azitholakali kalula nemvubelo kungukuthi ugxile epithelium emathunjini amancane.

Izici amagciwane

Uma ulwelwesi cell engekho e protists, prokaryotes ke has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuhlanganise murein, lipoproteins futhi lipopolysaccharides, futhi teichoic acid. udonga lipopolysaccharides ukukhuthaza adhesion amagciwane ezihlukahlukene substrates, isibonelo, koqweqwe lwawo izinyo noma Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana eukaryotes. Ngakho-ke, udonga cell amagciwane athile kanye okwamanje anezakhi antigenic.

amagciwane amaningi odongeni phezulu embozwe capsule lwamafinyila (capsid), ongase akhiwe ngesinye isendlalelo zokuzivikela - peplos. Kuye oyiyo, e-microbiology wonke amabhaktheriya zihlukaniswe Gram-HIV futhi Gram-HIV.

Ukwehlukanisa-bacterium ngu Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Indlela lisiza ekuhlukaniseni prokaryotes ku imininingwane isakhiwo amakhemikhali amagobolondo, kwahlongozwa ngu usosayensi Danish G. Gram ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Wathola ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zama-bacterium kukhona ibala kahle udayi aniline futhi yakha compounds esitebeleni umbala onsomi ezakha ulwelwesi cell.

igremu okunjalo prokaryotes omuhle ziye okuthiwa: isibonelo, Staphylococcus futhi Streptococcus. Bonke bangabangasokile ukungenwa inombolo kwamaphilisi penicillin ne actinomycin. Okunye ama-bacterium, ngokuthi igremu-negative, musa ibala nge methyl violet. Ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-penicillin, ngoba okuqinile ephansi permeability capsule kanye cell udonga. Lezi zihlanganisa Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. I ulwelwesi cell kwamagciwane, okuyinto has a ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka, kuyinto izici ezibalulekile microbiological zazo ezilotshwe ku kwemithi imithi.

Izici mycoplasmas

Ake ukugxila iqembu amagciwane amancane kakhulu - mycoplasma. izifundo ezincane ke waboniswa ukuthi ulwelwesi cell engekho kuzo, ngakho mycoplasmas ebucayi nemithi ethile elwa namagciwane, ezifana tetracycline. Mycoplasmas kuthiwa esakazwa ngokwemvelo, kukhona causative ejenti izifo eziningi, kuhlanganise uhlelo womuntu urogenital.

mycoplasma Iningi umzimba wabo iyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-oksijini futhi aerobes esiqinile. Njengoba izimuncagazi abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo, banda ngokushesha, njengoba lichaza ekwakheni cell ulwelwesi khona cholesterol, okuyinto substrate ezikahle ze ukukhula nokukhiqizwa mycoplasmas.

Ukuzijwayeza ku elula

Ngaphambili, sishilo yokuthi ulwelwesi cell engekho e ciliates nezinye izilwane owumphumela, isibonelo, rhizopods. Izazi wathola ukuthi protista ziphelele isilwane umzimba, okuyinto has yonke imisebenzi: ukukhula, imifanekiso, umsoco, emishinini yokuphefumula, kukhuthaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ehlala imvelo yasemanzini noma inhlabathi olumanzi, protists kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa mncane ulwelwesi ezokuthutha yamanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti, okuyizinto imvelo bangaphandle nezihlukene plasma ulwelwesi ngokusebenzisa ikhule ezimbotsheni ungumnikazi imikhiqizo umzimba. Ngakho-ke, akukho izilwane kuyinkimbinkimbi unicellular nadmembrannyh izakhiwo okungukuthi idioadaptatsy ukuze izici izimo kuma.

Ukuvikela nokulondoloza ubuqotho lenyama igobolondo ube pelikulu - luthe ukuqina yangaphandle ungqimba ectoplasm. pelikule Ngenxa kokuba kuyaqina nokuqina kwayo inakekelwa ukuma njalo komzimba wesilwane.

Kuleli phephandaba, isakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali ukwakheka we ulwelwesi cell ibilokhu wafunda isici zezitshalo amaseli eziphilayo, kanye amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta.