Wegesi ukuze China. Design futhi umdwebo iphayiphi igesi eChina

Russia nase China usayine inkontileka enkulu nokulethwa Igesi yemvelo. Wegesi ukuze China kulindeleke ukuvumela "Gazprom" ehlukahlukene nokuthengiswa, futhi ezinomthelela empumelelweni eminye nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Incwadi yesivumelwano yasayinwa

Ekupheleni kuka-May 2014 phakathi Russian kanye Chinese Yabantu Republic (emelelwa izinkampani "Gazprom" futhi CNPC) yasayina isivumelwano ku supply of igesi yemvelo ezweni lethu. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we sasayinwa lapho China wahlala ukuvakashelwa olusemthethweni nguMengameli Russian. Umthamo inkontileka - $ 400 billion no ubude bayo - iminyaka engu-30. Minyaka yonke, izimpahla kuyoba 38 cubic metres of gas.

Lesi sivumelwano ihlukile "Gazprom". Nge noyedwa ngaphezulu zivumelwano inkampani Russian uye alikakaphethwa. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi China uzothola igesi ngentengo ephansi (cishe u- $ 350 ngamunye izinkulungwane cubic metres), okuyinto kuhambisana Russia (thina ekuqaleni wacela 400). Kanye isivumelwano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili isayine isivumelwano ukuqonda ngesikhathi kuqala igesi supply. Ukuze ekukhishweni yesivumelwano iyokwakhiwa a wegesi entsha eRussia kuya China.

indlela Kunzima ukusayina

Nje kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi ukusayina phakathi Russia nase-China igesi idili media ahlukahlukene libike ukuthi izingxoxo iye yabhuntsha, futhi akukho sivumelwano isiqediwe akukwazi.

Lezi iziphakamiso ezibhekwa Ochwepheshe abathile ukuba abanye ubulungiswa - hhayi okungenani ngenxa ukuthi namanje eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili imizamo ukuphothula isivumelwano esinjalo phakathi Russia nase-China sendaba ayiphumelelanga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-St Petersburg Economic Forum 2011: abameleli izinkampani igesi Chinese bebelokhu kuso, kodwa akazange afinyelele kusivumelwano nozakwethu Russian. Isizathu kwakuphikiswana intengo. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi igesi Russian ahlinzekwa kabili njengoba China ungase uthole elivela kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi kusukela Central uthi Asian. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo wokuthi avele noma cha iphayiphi igesi ezivela eRussia eChina, uye ngempela kwahlala isikhathi eside efanele.

Negesi inkontileka: sizokuthinta kanjani uhlobano phakathi Russia nase-China?

Eziyisisekelo we ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi Russia nase-China babekwa 90. Ngo-2001, hulumende usayine isivumelwano okwakukhona ukuba umgwaqo ubuhlobo obuhle-ongumakhelwane futhi enobungane. Ngo-2011, kwenziwa imizamo yokuhumushela nokubambisana amasu ku indiza, futhi kunenkolelo Ochwepheshe abathile, silindele intuthuko samanje inkontileka igesi.

Kukhona inguqulo ukusayinwa yamuva isivumelwano ezithembisa hhayi kuphela ngokuya izinzuzo ezingokwezimali ukuze "Gazprom", kodwa futhi ngokuya ekutholeni izinsiza sokuthuthukiswa neminye imikhakha umnotho wawo womabili la mazwe. It is kuhlelwe ukubamba imizuliswano eziningana kusisa kusakhiwonchanti (isib, ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho ngaphesheya koMfula Amur), ukuze sikhokhele nemiklamo ephathelene nezokuvakasha nokusekelwa yezenhlalakahle asebekhulile. Russian-Chinese nokubambisana inamandla futhi ezindaweni, ikakhulukazi lezo uzobe aliveza letigaba letibalulekile teluhlelo iphayiphi igesi.

sokulindela

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi basayine inkontileka phakathi eChina naseRussia ku igesi zosizo kanye nesivumelwano ngokushesha ukuthi uzoqala ukwakhiwa kwepayipi igesi eChina - umcimbi ukubaluleka kakhulu ukuze yonke le mbulunga. Lokhu, abahlaziyi bathi, kuzoxhumanisa umnotho wawo womabili la mazwe, futhi kuyosilethela izinzuzo eziningi kuwo wonke umuntu. Kukhona inguqulo zombili zenziwa ngamabomu isandla kuphela lesi sivumelwano yathinteka.

Ukube kwakungengenxa, inkontileka Ubungeke Ukhishiwe. Ngakho-ke, abahlaziyi bathi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iRussia neChina kwaqale lishone umphumela. Esizeni esikhulu sephephandaba elisakazwa kabanzi Chinese kwaba ucwaningo phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Umbuzo uwukuthi: "Yini ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe - iqiniso kokusayina isivumelwano phakathi Russia nase-China, noma inzuzo kwezomnotho?" Abasebenzisi abaningi be-ayoyikhetha ukhetho lokuqala. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi uhulumeni waseChina kuyinto ngezinga elithile kubonakala izithakazelo izakhamuzi. Futhi, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, inkontileka igesi kuzosiza la mazwe omabili ukuba azethembe kakhudlwana ekubhekaneni nezindaba yentuthuko esifundeni Asia-Pacific. Ukwakha iphayiphi ukuba, eRussia, ngakho-ke, ungase futhi ukwandisa amandla izinhloso zalo zezombusazwe.

abanombono ophambene

Kukhona ochwepheshe version abezindaba ukuthi ngemvume inkontileka igesi nge China kwakungelona inzuzo ku-Russia. Izwe lethu, ngokuvumelana Abasekeli lo mbono, mhlawumbe into ukuzuza ngokuya intengo, kodwa walahlekelwa ngokoMthetho izimo ukunikezela gas. Lapha sikhuluma iphuzu azithathe noma pay (okusho "ukuthatha noma ukhokhe"), okuyinto "Gazprom", njengoba umthetho, kuhlanganisa ezivumelwaneni yayo. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa into ayizange khona ngemvume phakathi Russia nase-China sivumelwano.

Lokhu kungaholela yokuthi Russia, kokuba eyakhelwe ezibizayo igesi supply ingqalasizinda uzobhekana ukwenqena ababusebenzisela ngenkuthalo. Ukwakhiwa iphayiphi igesi eChina ingafunda akunakunisiza. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni kuyofanele balufune imali isinxephezelo izindleko kunokwenzeka.

kanjani iphayiphi

Kulindeleke ukuthi iphayiphi igesi eChina ngeke iyahanjiswa ngokusebenzisa Altai esifundeni. Uma ubheka umlando ubudlelwane Russian-Chinese empikiswaneni igesi, uzothola ukuthi lo imodeli livele emuva 90s. Igesi Yemvelo Pipeline Project e China sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside. Umbuzo wawuwukuthi kuphela intengo, kodwa manje ngokuthi ixazululwe, njengoba izazi zikholelwa kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi isivumelwano, amaqembu uzoqala ukusebenzisa piping ngokusebenzisa Altai. I izici eyinhloko iphayiphi zimi kanje. Ubude umugqa ayizinkulungwane 2.6 km, umthamo -. Mayelana eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 cubic metres. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuthi unikeze igesi kumasayithi ekhona ukukhiqizwa e Yamal esifundeni. Ngaphezu "Altai" wegesi China izinhlelo waseRussia - ukuhlela ukulethwa fuel ezinye legatsha. It izokuba ingxenye Yakutia ukuba Vladivostok futhi amagatsha e China mayelana Blagoveshchensk ohlangothini. Ukuthuthukiswa yasendle esiyinhloko kulolu chungechunge - Chayandinskoye - kuzokwethulwa, ngokuvumelana izinhlelo lamazwe amabili e-2019. Leli cebo kuyinto iphayiphi igesi eChina ochwepheshe abaningi kubonakala kahle ezicatshangwe ngempumelelo.

Njengoba inkontileka sizothinta kwezinye izimakethe

Ngokwezazi ezithile zezomnotho, sisayinwe phakathi Russia nase-China bavumile hhayi kakhulu libuthinta kanjani ubuhlobo igesi phakathi "Gazprom" naseYurophu. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi i-EU esikhathini esizayo esiseduze angethula umkhuba yokusindisa futhi uqale ukudla igesi ngaphansi. Isivumelwano phakathi Russia nase-China, ochwepheshe bathi, ningabi umuzwa okhethekile, njengoba ukujika ezinjalo izenzakalo, isimiso, kuba impela okunengqondo ku isizinda izinhlelo, izonikelwa kule minyaka edlule. Futhi iphayiphi igesi "Altai" e China - akuyona iphrojekthi entsha.

Futhi, abahlaziyi bathi, akudingekile ukubona okuqondile phakathi unswinyo eRussia ngenxa isimo e-Ukraine. Ubudlelwano phakathi Russia nase-China, ngakho ningathwali umongo zezombusazwe evelele. Abanye ochwepheshe European uqiniseka ukuthi iRussia wayehlela usayine inkontileka ne China eside ngaphambi izenzakalo zamanje enkundleni ngamazwe.

umbono USA

Abanye abahlaziyi US bavame embuzweni izinzuzo eRussia kusukela asayine isivumelwano igesi nge China engasetshenziswa izinjongo zabo nezifiso Russian ukuba ngaphezulu bavikelekile unswinyo ngamazwe aseNtshonalanga. US ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi akubona bonke ngakho kucace intengo inkontileka, njengoba kubonakala: Ngokombono wabo, China uzokhokha ukuba "Gazprom" lincane kuyakwenzeka, isibonelo, amazwe aseYurophu. Kulesi sisekelo, Russia, abahlaziyi bathi, namanje wenza ukuqashelwa. Futhi China, ngaleyo ndlela bazuza ukusayina inkontileka - kokubili ngokoMthetho intengo futhi ngokuya lula indawo iphayiphi igesi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amaMelika ukukholwa yikho konke abakushilo ithole Russia - ke yithuba ukukhombisa Europe ehlukahlukene igesi zosizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlaziyi kusuka e-United States, e-Russia, akafune kubhekwe kukho evumelekile lapho kwencika umnotho ku China mkhulu kunalokho of Europe. Futhi kufanele inake lapho ukwakha iphayiphi igesi eChina, "Gazprom".

Esikalini yesivumelwano

Ngakho, iphayiphi igesi eChina uzokwanelisa igesi Russian esingumakhelwane ka 38 bhiliyoni cubic metres ngonyaka. Kuningi noma kancane? Ebhekisela izibalo eziphathelene igesi yemvelo ukunikezela isakhiwo Russia emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Ngo-2013, "Gazprom" ukuthekelisa 196 cubic metres of gas ngokusebenzisa amapayipi. Lona eliphakeme eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Abathengi eyinhloko igesi Russian - emazweni non-CIS. Ngo-2012, bathenga 138,8-cubic metres ayi-nophethiloli. I abangenisa eyinhloko igesi Russian babe eJalimane, Turkey nase-Italy. Futhi, amazwe CIS futhi aseBaltic ngo-2012 base akhishelwe khona 64,4 cubic metres uphethiloli. It kuvela ukuthi igesi zosizo esizayo China - ke imayelana 20% ukusebenza samanje "Gazprom". Imakethe Chinese saloko, kube esikhundleni nxenye of babe bedla amazwe angomakhelwane, ngaphezu ikota - kusukela abathengi European (uma sithatha njengoba ngesisekelo 2012 izibalo). Umbuzo uwukuthi, yakhiwe ngokushesha indlela wegesi esifanayo China nge-Altai.

Kungani igesi Russian China?

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa: China idinga igesi Russian akuyona esingaphansi Russian Federation - ukuthekelisa. Izinto eyinhloko kulesi simo exhumene ne emnothweni yaseChina isimo emvelweni kuleli zwe. Ngo-2013, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu igesi eChina ingeniswe. I share uphethiloli amazwe, abahlaziyi bathi, eChina ezikhulayo, njengoba yasekhaya funa iyakhula. Uma ku 2012 share of gas ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla eChina 5.4% ngo-2014 isibalo esivezwa 6.3%.

Ngokwalokho okubikezelwa uhulumeni waseChina, ngesi-2015 emnothweni wezwe uzodinga 230 bhiliyoni cubic metres uphethiloli. amanani Ofanele ukukhiqizwa gas e China akuyona omkhulu kangaka. Zikhula (ngo-12% ngonyaka), kodwa hhayi njengawe ukusetshenziswa yayo (18% ngonyaka). yizici zemvelo nayo ibalulekile. China idinga ukuba zihunyushelwe olimini zokubasa ezibangela umonakalo okungenani nemvelo. Negesi ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, ochwepheshe - ukhetho best. Ikakhulukazi ukuthi maduze kuzoba isikimu elimangalisayo wegesi ukuze China.

Ingabe Russia ube izimbangi?

Manje main igesi yemvelo umphakeli ezimbili kule PRC - kuyinto Turkmenistan (ngo-2012 kuleli zwe umise China cubic metres mayelana eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 gas) kanye Qatar. Eminyakeni ezayo, ochwepheshe bathi, sibalo emazweni angaphandle kusuka republic ezwe elaliyiSoviet akwazi ukuxoxa 65 bhiliyoni nezinye abahlinzeki igesi eChina -. Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Yemen. It kuvela ukuthi iRussia okwamanje - yokulinganisela ngumfokazi, kampompi wakhe ku iphayiphi eChina iyoba nathi eqinile kwamanye amazwe.