Kanjani futhi kunjani imvubelo?

Ama-yeast yizinto eziphilayo eziye zahlushwa isikhathi eside ngabantu futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwenza ukudla neziphuzo. Uma ubuza ukuthi yisiphi imvubelo okwenzayo, ngeke kwenzeke ukuphendula ngegama elilodwa. Iqiniso liwukuthi babekhona emhlabeni ngaphambi kokuzalwa komphakathi.

Ama-microorganisms ahlukile

Ama-yeast aphilayo ama-microorganisms akwazi ukondla nokuzala. Bazwela kakhulu izinguquko zokushisa nokubunjwa kokudla.

Imvubelo yefungi ikhona emvelweni yonke indawo. Bondla izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphilayo, futhi lapho kusetshenzwa umzimba, lokho kuwukuvotela, kuveza amakhemikhali amasha amakhemikhali. Inombolo yalezi zincane ezincane emvelweni inkulu kangangokuthi uma uyiqhathanisa nenani lezinhlayiya eziselwandle nasemhlabeni, izinhlamvu zesilonda zizophindwa izikhathi eziningi. Akudingeki ukuthi, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinyosi eziningi. Ezinye zilungile empilweni yethu, ezinye ziyingozi. Yonke imvubelo ephilile ihlanganisa carbon dioxide kanye izingxenyana zotshwala.

Izinhlobo ze-mycetes ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa inhlama yesinkwa

Esikhathini imboni yokudla, futhi esimweni sethu embonini yokubhaka, kusetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezithile kuphela, okuwukuthi lezo, lapho zidla i-substrate enempilo, zikhulule inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide. Kuyinto ngenxa yamabhulo alo gazi ukuthi isinkwa siphenduka. Ikhwalithi yayo inqunywa ngisho nokuthi isisindo siziphatha kanjani, uma uyifinyelela ngaphambi kokuxhuma izinhlangothi eziphambene nokukhululwa. Uma iqondana nesimo sayo sokuqala - lokhu kusho ukuthi isinkwa siyisimfanelo. Imvubelo yaleli klasi nayo iningi kakhulu. Embonini yesibhakabhaka yanamuhla, amakhowe avela emndenini wama-saccharomycetes avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza isinkwa esithambile.

Imvubelo yebhaka nemvubelo

Kusukela kulokho okwenza imvubelo isinkwa sokupheka, wonke umpheki wenyama uyazi. Ukukhuluma ngemvubelo yokudla kungcono ukuqala ngendaba mayelana nemvubelo. Kukhulunywa ezincwadini zasendulo ezinombhalo weminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Imvubelo yemvubelo nesibhakabhakeni iyafana. Isinkwa semvubelo ngumkhiqizo, isimo sengqondo esiye saqaphela ngaso sonke isikhathi. Zonke izenzo kanye naye zazizungezwe izibonakaliso eziningi namasiko. Imikhiqizo abenza ngayo imvubelo yasekuqaleni yamiswa ngokucophelela ngokucophelela. Impumelelo egcinwe futhi iyalinywa, idlula kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni.

Isinkwa sekhwalithi yisiqinisekiso sempilo enhle

Iqiniso liwukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zefungi zikhona ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Futhi noma ngabe inhlama yemvubelo eyenziwa ngento efanayo eluhlaza iba yiphunga elimnandi kakhulu, lokhu akusho ukuthi lesi sinhla esiphundu sizozibonakalisa esifanayo nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo. Kukhona njalo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isiko lokuqala sama-fungus lafakwa esikhundleni esisha. Akubonakali emehlweni, kodwa isinkwa esilandelayo sesinkwa singabi nhlobo futhi singalimaza empilweni. Akukhona ngengozi ukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala enye yezindlela zokubhubhisa isizwe lesitha noma omunye umphakathi kwakukuleli. Umswakama wangena ekamu lesitha futhi waphanga imvubelo, ngoba kwakukholelwa ukuthi isinkwa namanzi yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu umuntu. Ikhwalithi yale mikhiqizo emibili incike empilweni nasekuphileni. Iyiphi imfucumfucu isikhunta esenza nomkhiqizo? Bashintsha ukubukeka kwayo, ukuvumelana, ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo. Ukuze uqonde indlela yomsebenzi wabo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini nokuthi yini eyenza imvubelo yesibhakabhaka.

Imvubelo yezintambo

Thatha ingilazi eyodwa ye- hop cones, uthele izibuko ezimbili zamanzi bese ubeka umlilo. Pheka kuze kube yilapho umthamo we-fluid uyancipha ngesigamu. Ipholile kuya kuma-37-40 degrees nobunzima. Esikhathini se-hop, faka isipuni esisodwa noma ezimbili ushukela nengxenye yengilazi yefulawa. Vala nge-gauze. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze imvubelo ithole umoya-mpilo, ngaphandle kwalokho izofa. Beka isitsha endaweni eyomile, efudumele ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile kanye nemidwebo. Ezinsukwini ezimbili uzothola isiko semvubelo yesibhakabhaka, imvubelo efanayo, okuyinto, ukuthatha kancane, ungasebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ebhakabhakeni. Ngokuvamile u-1 kg wefulawa udinga u-50 kuya ku-100 g wokuqala.

Okumnandi okungavamile kuyaphendulela isinkwa emvubelo wezinambuzane zebhali ngobusi nezinyosi. I-Malt ufulawa, umhlabathi ovela emanzini asehlume futhi omisiwe. Ukwakhiwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu kuhluke kakhulu ekubunjweni kofulawa kusuka okusanhlamvu komhlaba.

Imfihlo yobhiya oluhlwabusayo yi-malt, hops kanye nemvubelo

AmaHops ne-barley malt yilokho okwenza imvubelo ye-brewer. Inqubo yokuphuza ilula kakhulu. Imbewu yonke yebhali isetshenziselwa ukuhluma. Ukusanhlamvu kwe-Rye nakho okwenza imvubelo yebhiya. Nokho, ngenxa yokunambitheka okuqondile, ibhali livame ukusetshenziswa. Ukuhluma kuyadingeka. Imvubelo yezinhlamvu ezingenasiphutha ayithandi - inamashidi amaningi kanye noshukela omncane. Lapho i-embryo isebenze, ukuhluma i-i.e., i-amino acid-amylase ekhona kuyo isebenze okusanhlamvu. I-Amylase kanye ne-hydrolyses isitashi ibe ushukela wokugaya ama-mushroom. Ukusanhlamvu okuhlumekile, okubizwa ngokuthi i-malt, isikhathi esithile kugcinwa ukuphumula ukuqinisekisa ukuvuthwa okuphelele kakhulu, bese ugawula, uxubane ngamanzi uphinde upheke ngokufaka ama-cones we-hops. I-wort iyaphenduka ibe yisidlo esihle kakhulu semvubelo ye-brewer. Izinhlobo ezimbili zemvubelo zisetshenziselwa ubhiya. Abanye bayasiphuza isiphuzo ebusweni bese behlala ekushiseni kwama-14-25 degrees Celsius. Lezi okuthiwa imvubelo yesiphakamiso zakha i-capty froth ku-wort surface. Ekupheleni kwenkambiso, imvuthwandaba enomhlanjesi isenzelwe phansi. Ikoloni ehlukile iqala lapho, imvubelo enkulu. Zisebenza ezimweni ezibandayo - emazingeni okushisa ukusuka ku- +6 kuya ku-10 degrees.

Ubuciko obungenangqondo bombheki

Ezinsukwini zakudala, ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-ovens kagesi neziqandisisi, inqubo yokwenza isinkwa nokulondoloza imvubelo yayiyimfihlakalo. Umswakama awuzange ubolekwe, futhi ngenkathi benza isinkwa (le nqubo ithatha okungenani izinsuku ezimbili), bazama ukungenzi umsindo, hhayi ukugcoba iminyango namafulegi. Babuka lesi sipelingi ukuyigcina ngesikhathi futhi singakuvumeli. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalezi zimo kubhekene nokuthuthukiswa kwesinye isiko semvubelo, ngoba imvubelo ehlukene idinga ukushisa okuhlukene, ubuningi nokubunjwa kwe-substrate yezakhi. Imvubelo ewusizo ingashintshwa yizinto eziyingozi. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi isinkwa somuntu omubi ngaso sonke isikhathi asinakwenzeka. Isinkwa sazama ukuthenga kuphela kumnikazi othile.

Imvubelo - umthombo wamavithamini adingekayo empilweni

Imvubelo yenza kanjalo isisekelo sesinkwa, ukuthi siyashintsha ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali. Isinkwa esihle sihlanganisa ufulawa, amanzi kanye nomdaka omuncu, lapho kukhona inani elincane kakhulu ushukela lokudla imvubelo. Ukunambitha kwesinkwa kuyisiphumo sokuvutshelwa kofulawa ngemvubelo. Imvubelo iqinisa isinkwa ngamavithamini weqembu B ne-vithamini D. Lapho ibhakawa kuhhavini laseRussia, iningi lezakhi zilondolozwe. Akucaci ukuthi ngabe lokhu kwaziwa ezinsukwini zakudala, kodwa izinga lokushisa kweziko lesinezici ezintathu - ngaphambi, ngemuva nangesikhathi sokubhaka. Ukushisa okuncane, okufana nomfutho ngenkathi kulungiselelwa izinkwa kwakungaphansi kwamanzi abilayo. Ngokushisa okukhulu, umkhiqizo uvutha kusuka ngaphandle futhi awubhaka ngaphakathi. Imvubelo eyomile yanamuhla, ngokungafani nemvubelo, ilula kakhulu, ngoba i-whimsical encane futhi igxilile kakhulu. Ngisho nenkosikazi ongenalwazi uzokwazi ukwenza isinkwa esihle kakhulu kubo. Kulesi sixhumanisi, kuphakama umbuzo wemvelo: "Futhi yenzani imvubelo eyomile?"

Ushukela, amanzi, umoya nokushisa kwama-degree angama-30-50 - isikhala esiphezulu se-saccharomycetes

Njengoba ama-yeasts aphilayo, ajwayelekile, ayenziwe, kodwa akhulile kusuka evamile imvubelo fungi esetshenziswa ekwenzeni isinkwa - saccharomycetes, okungukuthi, amabhaktheriya adla ushukela othakazelisayo, sucrose, fructose, njll. Ukuze uthole ukudla okunomvubelo we-baking, udoti lwe-beet pulp lisetshenziselwa - i-molasses. Isithombo sebhitrudi se-Sugar - yilokhu imvubelo eluhlaza eyenziwa ngamabhizinisi asekhaya.

I-Molasses

Imvubelo yamakhowe ikhula ngokushesha kulo mkhiqizo. I-Molasses, ibizwa nangokuthi i-black molasses, iyinhlangano eluhlaza, enobuncwane obukhulu bombala omnyama kakhulu. Ngetheni elilodwa le-substrate likhula kufika ku 750 kg yemvubelo. Ama-molasses avela ku-beet noma umoba usuke enza okwembini isinkwa sokubhaka ucindezelwe, futhi futhi okusheshayo. Njengamanje, ngezimpahla ezinkulu zokukhiqiza kanye nesidingo esikhulu semvubelo esilungile, lezi yizona ezisisekelo ezivame kakhulu zokutshala ama-saccharomycetes. Noma kunjalo, lezi fungi zingakhula kahle kwezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa zemifino, ezicebile ushukela wemvelo. Uma usebenzisa i-starchy substrate - amazambane noma okusanhlamvu, kufanele kusetshenziswe.

Ukuphepha komkhiqizo wanamuhla wokuphakamisa ukuhlolwa

Ngakho-ke, kusobala ukuthi yini eyenza imvubelo yamabhakede ezinkampanini zanamuhla, engabonakali nengozi empilweni. Ngokulondolozwa okufanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemvubelo yesimiso esheshayo esheshayo, awukwazi ukwesaba ukuthi bazokwakha izitshalo ezintsha, eziyingozi, ngoba ekukhiqizeni kokudla kuphela lezo mbiliso ezicwaningwa kahle ngokumelene nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene zisetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziphephe kakhulu kunesiqalo "sokumanzi" esilungisiwe ekhaya. Emvubelo eyomile, izinqubo zemetrikhi zisesimweni esisodwa. I-metabolism iqala kuphela ngokufaka ushukela namanzi - noma ubisi.

Ngemva kokubhekana nalokho okwenza imvubelo ngokubhaka isinkwa, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi yini ongayinika yona - okusheshayo okucindezelwe noma okomile okusheshayo (okusheshayo).

Ukucindezeleka

Ukuhlunga kwesisindo esikhulile ku-molasses kuhlukaniswe, okungukuthi, kuhlanjululwe. Amanzi ungeze kwimvubelo futhi ahlukaniswe futhi. Njengomphumela wezinqubo eziningana, isisindo semvubelo sithola umbala ompunga kanye nokungahambisani kahle. I-vacuum cleaner isusa umswakama owedlulele. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-sublimation. I-grey, iplastiki, i-clay-like substance ihlihliwe, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye, yenziwe yaba yi-briquettes, ihlanganiswe ephepheni elixubile futhi iyaqhubeka idayiswa. Gcina lo mkhiqizo esiqandisini ngehora lokushisa elingaphansi kwe-degrees Celsius kanye nomswakama ojikeleze u-72-75%. Ukuphila kweShelf - izinsuku ezingu-12. Ekuthengiseni, imvubelo enjalo ayitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi esikhathini sethu. Kulokhu, ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi imvubelo ephefumulelwe yenziwa kanjani, uma ingumkhiqizo ongajwayelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, sivame kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlobisa amashalofu esitolo eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 edlule yayingcono kunamanje. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kunjalo, kodwa hhayi ngokuphathelene nemvubelo.

Kuvela ukuthi lawo akuzona izinto okubanjwe ngazo imvubelo, kodwa ukuthi ayinakwenzeka kakhulu ukusebenza. Ukuze kugcinwe umswakama kanye nokushisa okudingekayo ngaphansi kwezimo zomkhuhlane owomile wefriji yendlu yanamuhla kunzima kakhulu. Isikhathi sezinsuku eziyi-12 siphinde sikhawule umama wendlu. Ngokuvamile ukubhaka kuvivinyo lwesilonda kwenziwa ngezimpelasonto. Yonke inqwaba yemvubelo ocindezelekile isikhathi esisodwa kakhulu. Ukuze umndeni wabantu abangu-4, ngisho nezivakashi ezimenyiwe, isigamu sepakethe singaphezu kokwanele, futhi kuze kube sempelasonto ezayo imifino enjalo ayikwazi ukugcinwa isebenza.

Dry

Imvubelo eyomile ihlale isikhashana futhi iqine ngokuqinile emakhishini ethu. Kumelwe ngitshele ukuthi naphezu kobuchwephesha be-elekthronikhi zanamuhla ezisetshenziselwa abakhiqizi balo mkhiqizo, imvubelo eyomile yayiyaziwa ngisho nasezikhathini zangaphambi kobuKristu, lapho imvubelo isomisiwe ukuze igcine lapho ithunyelwa ibanga elide. Yisiphi imvubelo eyomile eyenziweyo ayifani nalokho okucindezelwayo okwenziwe ngakho. Kuyinto isiraphu elifanayo elimnandi futhi, empeleni, ama-sugar candies ngokwabo.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza yabo isinde, ngoba imvubelo ekhulile neyinciphakamiso kufanele imile futhi iphenduke ibe yimigqomo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zemvubelo eyomile. Lezi imvubelo esebenzayo, esebenzayo esheshayo esebenzayo futhi esheshayo esheshayo esheshayo soluble osheshayo. Ama-milasses ashukela nama-saccharomycetes yiziphi imvubelo esheshayo eyenziwe. Kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi buyahlukahluka. Uma imvubelo eyomile ejwayelekile isomiso esisezingeni eliphansi isetshenziselwa ngokusho kobuchwepheshe besitofu saseRussia, khona-ke ama-solids esheshayo omiswe ngokungahambisani nomzila we-sublimation. Ngendlela yokuqala yokomisa, umkhiqizo onomsebenzi obalulekile obuthakathaka utholakele. Naphezu kokuthi impilo yezinyosi ezinjalo ziyizinyanga ezingu-12, azikwazi ukufika ekupheleni, ngokulahlekelwa ngokukhululekile ikhono lokuvuna ukubhaka, ukuze baceliwe ukuba bathengise kuphela ekuqaleni kokushalaliswa kwelofu. Ngakho-ke, uma ufunda umbhalo ohambisana nephakheji, funda ngokucophelela hhayi ulwazi oluqondene nolwazi olwenza imvubelo yesibhakabhaka, ukwakheka komkhiqizo, okuqukethwe kwayo kwekhalori, igama lomenzi, kodwa futhi usuku lokukhiqiza imvubelo, nobude besenzo sabo.

Emulsifiers kanye nama-antioxidants

Uma uphambene nokufaka ama-emulsifiers kanye nama-antioxidants kumkhiqizo, sebenzisa imvubelo enomfutho noma imvubelo. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi kubo kukhona ukuba khona kwama-microflora nezakhi zamakhemikhali ezingabheki impilo empilweni. Ama-emulsifiers ayengezwa emgqonyeni we-yeast eluhlaza ngaphambi kokumiswa. Umswakama wonke okhululekile uthululwa phezu kwephaleji ekamelweni lokugcoba. Idala ukudlidliza, ihlukanisa i-substrate eyomile ibe yizingxenyana ezincane, ezibekwe phakathi kwezikhwama ezivalwe. I-emulsifier kanye ne-antioxidant yanezelwa kwimvubelo yokuvimbela ukukhula okungafuneki kwefungi nokumelene nokunamathela ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni. Akudingekile ukuthi ucabange ukuthi lezi zithako zifakiwe ekubunjweni ukuze zilimaze impilo yethu. Lo mbono uphutha ngokujulile futhi ukhululeka kakhulu unikeza amateurism kanye "negceke ikhono" ezindabeni ze-chemical chemistry. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase uzwe lokhu: "Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi imiphi imvubelo eyenziwe. Ukwakheka kwemvubelo enhle kuwukuphela kweshukela futhi akukho lutho! "Nokho, ngisho nasomvubelo ocindezelweyo uthele amafutha omifino ukuze angaqala ukwandisa ngentshiseko ngaphambi kokungena isisombululo esiphundu. Ngokubuza ukuthi imiphi imvubelo eyomile eyenziwe (ukubunjwa kuchazwa ephakheji), ungabona ukuthi umkhiqizo uqukethe imvubelo yemvelo, i-emulsifier E 491, i-antioxidant E 320, isitashi noma i-rehydrate. Lezo zimo lapho imvubelo eyomile ifaka khona imvubelo kuphela futhi ayikho enye into, kusho kuphela ukuthi umkhiqizi akazange anikeze ulwazi olugcwele mayelana nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo walo, hhayi ngokungabikho kokuqiniswa nokucwilisa ukungcola. Abantu abanomqondo wokuhleka usulu bathi ukwesaba ukudla kungabulala ngokushesha kakhulu kunokudla ngokwayo. Lokhu kusebenza ezingxenyeni zokudla.

Ukupheka isinkwa kusuka enhlama, okuxubene nemvubelo esheshayo esheshayo, kuyinjabulo. Ngokushesha kakhulu waba yisimvu esinqunyiwe ngokushesha "i-Saf-moment". Ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi imvubelo ethi "Saf-Moment" eyenziwe, futhi lokhu kuboniswa kule ilebula, unethemba elikhulu kakhulu kumkhiqizi kunokuba ngabe wayengabhalanga ukuthi ukulawulwa kwalethwa ukulawula izinga lokumswakama emunwe wesiliso. Le mvubelo ayikwazi ukuchithwa ngobisi olumnandi noma isiraphu ishukela. Bazophakamisa ngokuphelele inhlama uma uwathululela ngqo kufulawa noma ukuwaxuba inhlama eyenziwe ngomumo.

Ode Saccharomycetes and Vacuum

Yini bakhetha - imvubelo noma imvubelo, wonke umuntu uyazinqumela. Nokho, kulokho benze imvubelo, siyazwisisa. On the isiraphu ushukela kunzima kakhulu, noma kunalokho akunakwenzeka ukuba sikhule hhayi Saccharomyces, futhi noma iyiphi yingozi amakhowe impilo. Utshwala futhi carbon dioxide wukukhanya lezi izisebenzi abasha, ibulala microflora pathogenic, kanye cleaner Sublimation nokupakishwa uphawu isiqinisekiso ukungabi contaminants ezingahlanzekile. Nhlama ebilisiwe - yinto enhle, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba alungiselele oyinyumba efanayo?